Meqalədə Yerin çöküntü örtüyünün qısa təsviri verilmiş və çöküntü qatının (stratisferin) həcmi və kütləsi qiymətləndirilmişdir. Mövcud olan məlumatlar əsasında Cənubi Xəzər hövzəsinin və digər sürətlə gömülən böyük çöküntü həcminə və nazik yer təkinə malik olan hövzələrin unikal xarakteri göstərilmişdir. Məqalədə həmçinin çökmə süxurların, yer qabığının və litosferin qalınlıqları arasında olan asılılıqlar müzakirə edilmişdir.

Açar sözlər: çöküntü hövzələri; Cənubi Xəzər hövzəsi; çöküntülərin həcmi; litosfer.

Ədəbiyyat siyahısı

1. Ronov, A. B. (1993). Stratisphere or sedimentary Earth’s sphere (quantitative research). Moscow: Nauka.
2. Southam, J. R., Hay, W. W. (1981). Global sedimentary mass balance and sea level changes. In: Emiliani, C. (ed). The Sea. Vol.7. The oceanic lithosphere. New York: Wiley.
3. Kunin, N.Y. (1987). Distribution of sedimentary basins of Eurasia and the volume of the Earth's sedimentosphere. International Geology Review, 29(11), 1257-1264.
4. Berry, J. P., Wilkinson, B. H. (1994). Paleoclimatic and tectonic control on the accumulation of North American cratonic sediment. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 106, 855-865.
5. Hay, W. W. (1994). Pleistocene-Holocene fluxes are not the Earth's norm. In: Hay, W., Usselman, T. (eds). Material fluxes on the surface of the Earth: studies in geophysics. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press.
6. www.earthbyte.org
7. Abdullayev, N. R., Kadirov, F. A., Guliyev, I. S. (2015). Subsidence history and basinfill evolution in the South Caspian Basin from geophysical mapping, flexural backstripping, forward lithospheric modelling and gravity modelling. In: Brunet, M.-F., McCann, T. & Sobel, E. R. (eds). Geological evolution of Central Asian basins and the western Tien Shan range. London: Geological Society, Special Publication.
8. https://igppweb.ucsd.edu/~gabi/sediment.html
9. Hain, V. E., Levin, L. E., Tuliani, L. I. (1982). Some quantitative parameters of the Earth global structure. Geotectonics, 6, 25-37.

Azərbaycanın neftli-qazlı əyalətlərinin azsylı tektonik xəritələri və onların izahılı qeydləri külli miqdarda faktiki material, önəmli nəzəri və təcrübi məlumat daşıyıcılarıdır. Lakin son 25 ildə yerinə yetirilmiş ceysmik tədqiqatların nəticələri onlarda bəzi çatışmamazlıqlqrın mövcudluğunu göstərir. Məqalədə bu nəticənin doğruluğunu göstərən konkret nümunələr və haqqında bəhs edilən çatışmamazlıqların ləğvini təmin edən tövsiyyələr verilir.

Açar sözlər: qırılma; tektonik xəritə; neft-qazlılıq üzrə rayonlaşdırma; mezozoy; kaynozoy; geoloji kəsilişin mərtəbələri; kristallik fundament; Moxoroviçiç səthi.

Ədəbiyyat siyahısı

1. Юсуфзаде, X.Б., Гаджиев, Т. Г., Ахмедов, А. М. и др. (1983). Атлас нефтегазоносных и перспективных структур Азербайджана. Баку: Азернешр.
2. Алиев, А.И., Багир-Заде, Ф.М., Буниат-Заде, З.А. и др. (1985). Месторождения нефти и газа и перспективные структуры Азербайджанской ССР. Баку: Элм.
3. Геология Азербайджана. (2005). Tом IV. Тектоника. Баку: Нафтапресс.
4. Керимов, К.М., Гусейнов, А.Н., Гаджиев, Ф.М. и др. (2002). Карта тектонического районирования нефтегазоносных районов Азербайджана. Баку: Фабрика картографии.
5. Геология Азербайджана. (2008). Том VII. Нефт и газ. Баку: Нафтапресс.
6. Юсубов, Н.П. (2017). К вопросу о существовании ЗападноКаспийского разлома. Азербайджанское нефтяное хозяйство, 4, 12-17.
7. Юсубов, Н.П. (2017). О связях очагов промежуточных и мелкофокусных землетрясений с тектоническими разломами по данным сейсморазведки методом общей глубинной точки. Вестник ПНИПУ. Геология. Нефтегазовое и горное дело, 16(4), 304–312.
8. Ригер, Р.Р., Лобастова, Л.И. (1968). Отчет о работах глубинным сейсмическим зондированием партии №6-7/68 в восточной части Куринской впадины Азерб. ССР в 1968 г.
9. Развитие глубинных разломов, их роль в строении и эволюции... https://stud files.net/preview/6050666/ page:12/
10. Средиземноморской подвижный пояс. http:// biofile.ru/geo/15054.html
11. Юсубов, Н.П. (2012). Особенности сейсмичности нефтегазовых областей Азербайджана. Геофизика, 2, 48-53.

Məqalədə qazma alətlərinin ilk əvvəl soyuq presləmə, daha sonra isti presləmə əməliyyatları ilə yaradılmış almazehtivallı materiallarının WC – Co bərk xəlitəli matris nümunələrinin struktur və istismar xarakteristikalarının yaxşılaşdırılmasına istiqamətlənmiş tədqiqatların nəticələri təqdim edilmişdir. Göstərilmişdir ki, 94WC – 6Co ilkin materialların tərkibinə 3% miqdarında Vanadium nitridin daxil edilməsi matris nümunələrinin bərkliyini 22.8 – dən 34.2 QPa - qədər, sıxılmada möhkəmlik həddini 4800-dən 5340 MPa – qədər və əyilmədə möhkəmlik həddini 2200–dən 2280 MPa – qədər artırmağa, yeyilmə intensivliyini isə 1710×10^-6 dan 5200×10^-6 q/m - ə qədər azaltmağa imkan verir. Tədqiqat nəticəsində WC- Co -VN xırda dənəvarilikli yüksək mexaniki və istismar göstəricilərinə malik bərk xəlitəli matris materialının alınması effekti bu materialların neft və qaz quyularının qazılması üçün səmərəli alətlərin yaradılmasında istifadəsi zəruriliyini təsdiqləyir.

Açar sözlər: kompozit; isti presləmə; struktur; bərklik; yeyilmə.

Ədəbiyyat siyahısı

1. Бондаренко, Н.А., Мечник, В.А. (2011). Влияние структуры переходной зоны алмаз-матрица на износостойкость и эксплуатационные характеристики бурового инструмента ИСМ. SOCAR Proceedings, 2, 18-24.
2. Симкин, Э.С. (1987). Исследование сверхтвердых композиционных материалов из синтетических алмазов для бурового инструмента. Физика и техника высоких давлений, 25, 49-53.
3. Бондаренко, Н.А., Мечник, В.А. (2012). Бурение нефтегазовых скважин алмазным инструментом ИСМ. SOCAR Proceedings, 3, 6-12.
4. Майстренко, А.Л. (2014). Формирование структуры композиционных алмазосодержащих материалов в технологических процессах. Киев: Наукова думка.
5. Bondarenko, N.A., Novikov, N.V., Mechnik, V.A., et al. (2004). Structural peculiarities of highly wear-resistant superhard composites of the diamond-WC-6Co carbide system. Journal of Superhard Materials, 6, 3-15.
6. Bondarenko, N.A., Zhukovsky, A.N., Mechnik, V.A. (2006). Analysis of the basic theories of sintering of materials. 1. Sintering under isothermal and nonisothermal conditions (a review). Journal of Superhard Materials, 6, 3-17.
7. Лисовский, А.Ф. (2013). О формировании тугоплавкого скелета в композиционных материалах (обзор). Сверхтвердые материалы, 2, 3-20.
8. Багиров, О.Э. (2016). Композиционные алмазосодержащие материалы в породоразрушающем инструменте (обзор). SOCAR Proceedings, 2, 16-28.
9. Kolodnits’kyi, V.M., Bagirov, O.E. (2017). On the structure formation of diamond-containing composites used in drilling and stone-working tools (а review). Journal of Superhard Materials, 39(1), P. 1-17.
10. Novikov, N.V., Bondarenko, N.A., Zhukovskii, A.N., Mechnik, V.A. (2005). The effect of diffusion and chemical reactions on the structure and properties of drill bit inserts. 1. Kinetic description of systems Cdiamond-VK6 and Cdiamond-(VK6-CrB2-W2B5). Physical Mesomechanics, 8(2), 99-106.
11. Багиров, О.Э. (2016). О применении композиционных материалов алмаз-(WC-Co), легированных CrSi2 в буровых долотах. SOCAR Proceedings, 1, 15-22.
12. Багиров, О.Э. (2017). Композиционные материалы алмаз-(WC-Co-NbN) для буровых долот. SOCAR Proceedings, 2, 13-22.
13. Николенко, С.В., Верхотуров, А.Д., Дворник, М.И. и др. (2008). Использование нанопорошка Al2O3 в качестве ингибитора роста зерна в сплаве ВК8. Вопросы материаловедения, 2(54), 100-105.
14. Панов, В.С., Чувилин, А.М. Фальковский, В.А. (2004). Технология и свойства спеченных твердых сплавов и изделий из них. Москва: МИССИС.
15. Aleksandrov, V.A., Alekseenko, N.A., Mechnik, V.A. (1984). Study of force and energy Parameters in cutting granite with diamond disc saws. Journal of Superhard Materials, 6(6), 46-52.
16. Dutka, V.A., Kolodnitskij, V.M., Zabolotnyj, S.D., et al. (2004). Simulation of the temperature level in rock destruction elements of drilling bits. Journal of Superhard Materials, 2, 66-73.
17. Dutka, V.A., Kolodnitskij, V.M., Mel'nichuk, O.V., Zabolotnyj, S.D. (2004). Mathematical model for thermal processes occurring in the interaction between rock destruction elements of drilling bits and rock mass. Journal of Superhard Materials, 2, 66-73.
18. Zhukovsky, A.N., Maystrenko, A.L., Mechnik, V.A., Bondarenko, N.A. (2002). Stress-strain state of the bond in the neighborhood of the diamond grain that is under the actions of the normal and tangent components of the load. Part 1. Model. Friction and Wear, 23(2), 146-153.
19. Zhukovsky, A.N., Maystrenko, A.L., Mechnik, V.A., Bondarenko, N.A. (2002). Stress-strain state of the bond in the neighborhood of the diamond grain that is under the actions of the normal and tangent components of the load. Part 2. Analysis. Friction and Wear, 23(4), 393-396.
20. Sveshnikov, I.A. Kolodnitskiy, V.N. (2006). Optimization of carbide cutter arrangement in a drill bit body. Journal of Superhard Materials, 4, 64-68.
21. Лякишев, Н.П., Алымов, М.И. (2006). Наноматериалы конструкционного назначения. Российские нанотехнологии, 1(1-2), 71-72.
22. Гольдштейн, М.И., Фарбер, В.М. (1979). Дисперсионное упрочнение стали. Москва: Металлургия.
23. Коратаев, А.Д., Тюменцев, А.Н., Суховаров В.Ф. (1989). Дисперсионное упрочнение тугоплавких металлов. Новосибирск: Наука.
24. Гольдштейн, М.И., Грачев, С.В., Векслер, Ю.Г. (1985). Специальные стали. Москва: Металлургия.
25. Шевченко, С.В., Стеценко, Н.Н. (2004). Наноструктурное состояние в металлах, сплавах и интерметаллических соединениях: Методы получения, структура, свойства. Успехи физики металлов, 5, 219-255.
26. Иванова, В.С., Баланкин, А.С., Бунин, И.Ж., Оксогоев, А.А. (1994). Синергетика и фракталы в материаловедении. Москва: Наука.
27. Eissa, M., El-Fawakhry, K., Ahmed, M.H. et. al. (1997). Development of superior high strength low impact transition temperature steels microalloyed with vanadium and nitrogen. Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 5(1), 3-19.
28. Белый, А.В., Карпенко, Г.Д., Мышкин, П.К. (1991). Структура и методы формирования износостойких поверхностных слоев. Москва: Машиностроение.
29. Власов, В.М. (1987). Работоспособность упрочненных трущихся поверхностей. Москва: Машиностроение.
30. Kraus, W., Nolze, G. (1996). Powder Cell-A program for the representation and manipulation of crystal structures and calculation of the resulting X-ray powder patterns. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 29, 301-303.
31. Selected powder diffraction data for education straining (search manual and data cards). (1988). USA: International Centre for Diffraction Data.
32. Mechnik, V.A., Bondarenko, N.A., Kolodnitskyi, V.M. et al. (2019). Physico-mechanical and tribological properties of Fe–Cu-Ni-Sn and Fe-Cu–Ni-Sn–VN nanocomposites obtained by powder metallurgy methods. Tribology in Industry, 41(2), 188-198.
33. Mechnik, V.A., Bondarenko, N.A., Dub, S.N., et al. (2018). A study of microstructure of Fe-Cu-Ni-Sn and Fe-Cu-Ni-Sn-VN metal matrix for diamond containing composites. Materials Characterization, 146, 209-216.
34. Третьяков, В.И. (1976). Основы металловедения и технологии спеченных твердых сплавов. Москва: Металлургия.
35. Борисенко, В.А., Подорога, В.А., Кебко, В.П. и др. (1991). Высокопрочное состояние двухфазных композиционных материалов. Сообщение 2. Керметы. Проблемы прочности, 3, 17-24.
36. Кудрявцев, В.И., Вараксина, А.В. (1985). Структура и свойства сплавов Co(W,C) /в кн. «Современные инструментальные материалы на основе тугоплавких соединений». Москва: Металлургия.

Məqalədə neft laylarının turşu ilə işlənməsi zaman asfalten şlamının çökməsi üzrə tədqiqatların nəticələri təqdim edilir. «Neft asfalteni – xlorid turşusu (HCl)» sistemlərinin yüksək temperatur və təzyiqdə (550 K, 200 bar) bir sıra molekulyar - dinamik modelləşdirilməsi aparılmışdır. Modelləşdirmənin nəticələri asfalten şlamının layın turşu ilə işlənməsi zaman əmələ gəlməsini nümayiş etdirir. Neft şlamının ilkin yaranmasının səbəbi kimi «su-neft» kontaktı səthində ionlaşdırılmış asfaltenlərin yığılması göstərilir. «Su-neft» kontaktı səthində ionlaşdırılmış asfaltenlərin olması ionlaşdırılmış asfaltenlər və turşu ionları (H⁺ və Cl^-) arasında olan güclü qarşılıqlı əlaqələr ilə izah olunur. Şlamın ilkin yaranması əlavə olaraq ionlaşdırılmış asfaltenlər və fazalararası su arasındakı hidrogen rabitəsinin gücü hesabına  armasıda baş verir. 

Açar sözlər: asfalten; ionlaşdırılmış asfalten; molekulyar - dinamik modelləşdirilmə; layın turşu ilə işlənməsi; radial paylanma funksiyası; asfaltenin ilkin yaranması

Ədəbiyyat siyahısı

1. Chilingarian, G.V., Yen, T.F. eds. (1994). Asphaltenes and asphalts. Vol.1. Elsevier Science.
2. Mansoori, G.A. (1997). Prevention and remediation of heavy organics deposits in petroleum fluid transfer lines. Proceedings of the International Conference on Fluid and Thermal Energy Conversion'97.
3. Mansoori, G.A. (2009). A unified perspective on the phase behaviour of petroleum fluids. International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Technology, 2(2), 141-167.
4. Leontaritis, K.J., Mansoori, G.A. (1988). Asphaltene deposition: a survey of field experiences and research approaches. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 1(3), 229-239.
5. Pacheco-Sanchez, J.H., Mansoori, G.A. (1997, January). In situ remediation of heavy organic deposits using aromatic solvents. SPE-38966-MS. In Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
6. Branco, V.A.M., Mansoori, G.A., Xavier, L.C.D.A., et al. (2001). Asphaltene flocculation and collapse from petroleum fluids. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 32(2-4), 217-230.
7. Vazquez, D., Mansoori, G.A. (2000). Identification and measurement of petroleum precipitates. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 26(1-4), 49-55.
8. Mansoori, G.A. (2010). Remediation of asphaltene and other heavy organic deposits in oil wells and in pipelines. Socar Proceedings, 4, 12-23.
9. Yaseen, S., Mansoori, G.A. (2017). Molecular dynamics studies of interaction between asphaltenes and solvents. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 156, 118-124.
10. Yaseen, S., Mansoori, G.A. (2018). Asphaltene aggregation due to waterflooding (A molecular dynamics study). Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 170, 177-183.
11. Yaseen, S., Mansoori, G.A. (2018). Asphaltene aggregation onset during high-salinity waterflooding of reservoirs (a molecular dynamic study). Petroleum Science and Technology, 36(21), 1725-1732.
12. Yaseen, S., Mansoori, G.A. (2019). Microscopic details of asphaltenes aggregation onset during waterflooding. Petroleum Science and Technology, 37(5), 573-580.
13. Mansoori, G.A., Canfield, F.B. (1970). Perturbation and variational approaches to the equilibrium thermodynamic properties of liquids and phase transitions. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry (monthly), 62(8), 12-29.
14. Mansoori, G.A., Carnahan, N.F., Starling, K.E., Leland, T.W. (1971). Equilibrium thermodynamic properties of the mixtures of hard spheres. Journal of Chemical Physics, 54(4), 1523-1525.
15. Pessora Filho, P.A., Pires, A.P., Mohamed, R.S., Mansoori, G.A. (1997). Modified van der Waals and RedlichKwong equations of state for associating fluids. Proceedings of the International Conference on Fluid and Thermal Energy Conversion '97.
16. Park, S.J., Mansoori, G.A. (1988, August). Organic deposition from heavy petroleum crudes (A fractal aggregation theory approach). Proceedings of the 4th UNITAR/UNDP International Conference on Heavy Crude Oil and Tar Sand. Vol.2, 471-483.
17. Williams, B.B., Gidley, J.L., Schechter, R.S. (1979). Acidizing fundamentals. Henry L. Doherty Memorial Fund of AIME, Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME.
18. Frasch, H. (1896). Increasing the flow of oil wells. U.S. Patent No. 556 669.
19. Smith, C.F., Hendrickson, A.R. (1965). Hydrofluoric acid stimulation of sandstone reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 17(02), 215-222.
20. Kalfayan, L.J., Metcalf, A.S. (2000, October). Successful sandstone acid design case histories: exceptions to conventional wisdom. SPE-63178-MS. In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
21. Rae, P., Di Lullo, G. (2003, May). Matrix acid stimulation - A review of the state-of-the-art. SPE-82260-MS. In SPE European Formation Damage Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
22. Rietjens, M., Nieuwpoort, M. (1999, June). Acid-sludge: How small particles can make a big impact. SPE-54727- MS. In SPE European Formation Damage Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
23. Shirazi, M.M., Ayatollahi, S., Ghotbi, C. (2019). Damage evaluation of acid-oil emulsion and asphaltic sludge formation caused by acidizing of asphaltenic oil reservoir. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 174, 880-890.
24. Moore, E.W., Crowe, C.W., Hendrickson, A.R. (1965). Formation, effect and prevention of asphaltene sludges during stimulation treatments. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 17(09), 1-023.
25. Lichaa, P.M., Herrera, L. (1975, January). Electrical and other effects related to the formation and prevention of asphaltene deposition problem in Venezuelan crudes. SPE-5304-MS. In SPE oilfield chemistry symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
26. Jacobs, I.C. (1989, February). Chemical systems for the control of asphaltene sludge during oilwell acidizing treatments. SPE-18475-MS. In SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
27. Suzuki, F. (1993, May). Precipitation of asphaltic sludge during acid stimulation treatment: cause, effect, and prevention. SPE-26036-MS. In SPE Western Regional Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
28. Kauffman, G.B. (1988). The Bronsted-Lowry acid base concept. Journal of Chemical Education, 65(1), 28-30.
29. Jacobs, I.C., Thorne, M.A. (1986, February). Asphaltene precipitation during acid stimulation treatments. SPE14823-MS. In SPE Formation Damage Control Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
30. Farley, J.T., Miller, B.M., Schoettle, V. (1970). Design criteria for matrix stimulation with hydrochlorichydrofluoric acid. SPE-2621-PA. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 22(04), 433-440.
31. Jorgensen, W.L., Maxwell, D.S., Tirado-Rives, J. (1996). Development and testing of the OPLS all-atom force field on conformational energetics and properties of organic liquids. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 118(45), 11225-11236.
32. Berendsen, H.J.C., Grigera, J.R., Straatsma, T.P. (1987). The missing term in effective pair potentials. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 91(24), 6269-6271.
33. Poling, B.E., Prausnitz, J.M., O'connell, J.P. (2001). The properties of gases and liquids. Volume 5. New York: Mcgraw-Hill.
34. Demond, A.H., Lindner, A.S. (1993). Estimation of interfacial tension between organic liquids and water. Environmental Science & Technology, 27(12), 2318-2331.
35. Burden, R.L., Faires, J.D. (2001). Numerical analysis. 7th edition. Brooks Cole, Cengage Leaing.
36. Hamad, E.Z., Mansoori, G.A. (1989). Mixture radial distribution functions: are they all independent ?. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 51, 3-21.
37. Mansoori, G.A. (1993). Radial distribution functions and their role in modeling of mixtures behavior. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 87(1), 1-22.

Məqalədə Qərbi Sibir yataqlarının Bajenovsk, Georgiyevsk və Abalaks lay dəstəsi intervalındakı Yura çöküntülərində quyu qazıması zamanı yaranan mürəkkəbləşmə və qəzaların baş vermə səbəblərinə baxılmış, qazıma və istismar kəmərinin endirilməsi işlərinin qəzasız aparılması üçün texniki-texnoloji həllər təklif olunmuşdur. İşlənib hazırlanmış tədbirlər aşağıdakılara imkan verir: quyu lüləsinin gil və arqillit laycıqlarında qeyri-sabitliyinin qarşısını almağa; qazılmış şlamların 50 dərəcədən yuxarı zenit bucaqlarında və quyu lüləsinin vertikalından böyük sapmalarında çıxarılmasını təmin etməyə; quyu lüləsinin ilişmə, oturma və tutulma halları olmadan qazılmasına; istismar kəmərinin quyudibinədək endirilməsini və keyfiyyətli sementlənməsini təmin etməyə.

Açar sözlər: Yuxarı Yura çöküntüləri; Bajenovsk lay dəstəsi; oturmalar; ilişmələr; tutulmalar; gil çöküntüləri; istismar kəməri; quyu lüləsinin işlənməsi; texniki-texnoloji həllər.

Ədəbiyyat siyahısı

1. Лобусев, А.В., Чоловский, И.П., Лобусев, М.А. и др. (2010). Геолого-промысловое обоснование промышленного освоения залежей углеводородов баженовской свиты Западной Сибири. Территория Нефтегаз, 3, 22-25.
2. Тарасова, Е.В., Чебанов, С.Н., Яхшибеков, Ф.Р. (2012). Особенности распределения поровых давлений в битуминозных аргиллитах баженовской свиты (верхнеюрские отложения, пласт ЮС0) на Ай-Пимском месторождении. Каротажник, 10, 41-53.
3. Кустарев, Д.А., Сигарев, С.А. (2014). Лучшие практики ООО «РН-Уватнефтегаз» по спуску обсадных колонн в глубокие скважины. Научно-технический вестник ОАО «НК-Роснефть», 2, 49-54.
4. Колтыпин, О.А., Медведев, П.В., Реков, С.В., Гатин, М.Р. (2014). Реализация интегрированного подхода при заканчивании горизонтальных скважин с многостадийным гидроразрывом пласта в ООО «РН-Юганскнефтегаз». Научно-технический вестник ОАО «НК-Роснефть», 2, 36-41.
5. Липатов, Е.Ю., Аксенова, Н.А. (2017). Опыт применения биополимерного эмульсионного бурового раствора при бурении горизонтальных скважин на Кошильском месторождении. SOCAR Proceedings, 4, 36-41.

Kənar suların qarşısının alınması və layda neftverimin artırılması üçün qismən hidrolizə edilmiş poliakrilamid gellərinin qeyri-üzvi tikicilər ilə birgə tətbiqi artıq özünü sübut etmişdir. Qismən hidrolizə olunmuş poliakrilamid molekulları qeyri-üzvi tikicilərin – üçvalentli metal ionların (məs Cr3+ və ya Al3+) – iştirakı ilə gel strukturu əmələ gətirir. Belə olan halda, polimer və tikici növbəli şəkildə laya vurularaq gel birbaşa məsaməli mühitdə yaradılır. Quyu məhsulunda suyun azaldılması istiqamətində uğurla tətbiq olunmuş, lakin bununla yanaşı çatışmazlıqları olan keçmiş tərkiblər əsas götürülərək yeni gel tərkibi hazırlanmışdır. Məqalədə yeni təklif olunmuş qismən hidrolizə edilmiş poliakrilamid əsaslı gel tərkibinin süxur nümunələrin üzərində laboratoriya tədqiqatlarının nəticələri təqdim olunmuşdur.

Açar sözlər: qismən hidrolizə edilmiş poliakrilamid; süxur nümunəsinin analizi; tikilmə; polimer gel; neftverimin artırılması üsulları; kənar suların izolyasiyası.

Ədəbiyyat siyahısı

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4. Seright, R.S. (2001). A strategy for attacking excess water production. SPE-70067-MS. In SPE Permian Basin Oil and Gas Recovery Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
5. Nasr-El-Din, H.A., Taylor, K.C. (2005). Evaluation of sodium silicate/urea gels used for water shutoff treatments. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 48, 141-160.
6. Saxon, A. (1997). Keeping water in its place. Middle East Well Evaluation Review, 19.
7. Simjoo, M. (2006). Gel polymer performance for reducing water cut in producing well. M.Sc. Thesis. Iran, Ahwaz: Petroleum University of Technology.
8. Veliyev, E.F., Aliyev, A.A., Guliyev, V.V., Naghiyeva, N.V. (2019, October). Water shutoff using crosslinked polymer gels. SPE-198351-MS. In SPE Annual Caspian Technical Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
9. Nagiyeva, N.V. (2020). Colloidal dispersion gels for align the injectivity profile of injection wells. SOCAR Proceedings, 2, 67-77.
10. Veliyev, E.F. (2020). Review of modern in-situ fluid diversion technologies. SOCAR Proceedings, 2, 50-66.
11. Suleimanov, B.A., Veliyev, E.F., Azizagha, A.A. (2020). Colloidal dispersion nanogels for in-situ fluid diversion. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 193, 107411.
12. Willhite, G.P., Pancake, R.E. (2004, April). Controlling water production using gel polymer system. SPE-89464-MS. In SPE/DOE Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
13. Sydansk, R.D., Smith, T.B. (1988, April). Field testing of a new conformance improvement treatment chromium (III) gel technology. SPE-17383-MS. In SPE Enhanced Oil Recovery Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
14. Al-Dhafeeri, Nasr-El-Din, H.A., Seright, R.S., Sydansk, R.D. (2005, December). High-permeability carbonate zones (super-K) in Ghawar field (Saudi Arabia): identified, characterized, and evaluated for gel treatments. SPE-97542-MS. In SPE International Improved Oil Recovery Conference in Asia Pacific. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
15. Suleimanov, B.A., Ismailov, F.S., Dyshin, O.A., Veliyev, E.F. (2016, October). Screening evaluation of EOR methods based on fuzzy logic and Bayesian inference mechanisms. SPE-182044-MS. In SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
16. Suleimanov, B.A., Dyshin, O.A., Veliyev, E.F. (2016, October). Compressive strength of polymer nanogels used for enhanced oil recovery EOR. SPE-181960-MS. In SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
17. Suleimanov, B.A., Guseynova, N.I., Veliyev, E.F. (2017, October). Control of displacement front uniformity by fractal dimensions. SPE-187784-MS. In SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
18. Suleimanov, B.A., Veliyev, E.F., Dyshin, O.A. (2015). Effect of nanoparticles on the compressive strength of polymer gels used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Petroleum Science and Technology, 33(10), 1133-1140.
19. Suleimanov, B.A., Veliyev, E.F. (2016). The effect of particle size distribution and the nano-sized additives on the quality of annulus isolation in well cementing. SOCAR Proceedings, 4, 4-10.
20. Ali, E., Bergren, F.E., DeMestre, P., et al. (2006, September). Effective gas shutoff treatments in a fractured carbonate field in Oman. SPE-102244-MS. In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
21. Zolfaghari, R., Katbab, A.A., Nabavizadeh, J., et al. (2006). Preparation and characterization of nanocomposite hydrogels based on polyacrylamide for enhanced oil recovery applications. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 100, 3.
22. Sajjadian, V., Simjoo, M., Vafaie Seftie, M., et al. (2006, November). Experimental study of gel polymer treatment for water shut-off in producing wells of Iranian oil reservoir. In 11th Iranian Chemical Engineering Conference. Tarbiat Modares University.
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24. Moradi Araghi, A. (2000). A review of thermally stable gels for fluid diversion in petroleum production. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 26(1-4), 1-10.
25. Green, D.W., Willhite, G.P. (1998). Enhanced oil recovery. Society of Petroleum Engineers: SPE Text Book
26. Pérez, D., Fragachan, F.E., Barrera, A.R., Feraud, J.P. (2001). Applications of polymer gel for establishing zonal isolations and water shutoff in carbonate formations. SPE Drilling & Completion, 16(3).
27. Sydansk, R. (1988, April). A new conformance improvement treatment chromium (III) gel technology. SPE-17329-MS. In SPE Enhanced Oil Recovery Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
28. Vossoughi, S. (2000). Profile modification using in situ gelation technology: a review. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 26, 199.
29. Sydansk, R. (1987). Conformance improvement in a subterranean hydrocarbon-bearing formation using a polymer gel. US Patent 4683949.
30. Seright, R.S., Martin, F.D. (1993). Impact of gelation pH, rock permeability, and lithology on the performance of a monomer-based gel. SPE Reservoir Engineering, 8(01).
31. Taylor, K.C., Nasr-El-Din, H.A. (1997). Water-soluble hydrophobically associating polymers for improved oil recovery: a literature review. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 19(3-4), 265-280.
32. Liu, J., Seright, R.S. (2001). Rheology of gels used for conformance control in fractures. SPE Journal, 6(2).
33. Broseta, D., Zaitoun, A. (2000, April). Rheological screening of low molecular-weight polyacrulamide/ chromium (III) acetate water shutoff gels. SPE-59319-MS. In SPE/DOE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
34. Abbasi, F., Mirzadeh, H., Simjoo, M. (2006). Hydrophilic interpenetrating polymer networks of poly (dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) as biomaterial for cochlear implants. Journal of Biomaterials Science. Polymer Edition, 17(3), 341-355.
35. Sharifpour, E., Riazi, M., Ayatollahi, S. (2015). Smart technique in water shutoff treatment for layered reservoir through engineered injection/production scheme. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 54, 11236–11246.
36. Al-Muntasheri, G.A., Nasr-El-Din, H.A., Hussein, I.A. (2007). A rheological investigation of a hightemperature organic gel used for water shut-off treatments. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 59(1-2), 73–83.
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44. Norman, C., Turner, B.O., Romero, J.L., et al. (2006, August-September). A review of over 100 polymer gel injection well conformance treatments in Argentina & Venezuela: design, field implementation and evaluation. SPE-101781-MS. In International Oil Conference and Exhibition in Mexico. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
45. Gogarty, W.B. (1967). Mobility control with polymer solutions. SPE Journal, 7(02).
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48. Suleimanov, B.A., Latifov, Y.A., Veliyev, E. F. (2019). Softened water application for enhanced oil recovery. SOCAR Proceedings, 1, 19-29.
49. Suleimanov, B.A., Veliyev, E.F. (2017). Novel polymeric nanogel as diversion agent for enhanced oil recovery. Petroleum Science and Technology, 35(4), 319-326.
50. Suleimanov, B.A., Latifov, Y.A., Veliyev, E.F., Frampton, H. (2018). Comparative analysis of the EOR mechanisms by using low salinity and low hardness alkaline water. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 162, 35-43.
51. Suleimanov, B.A., Ismayilov, F.S., Dyshin, O.A., Veliyev, E.F. (2016). Selection methodology for screening evaluation of EOR methods. Petroleum Science and Technology, 34(10), 961-970.
52. Suleimanov, B.A., Ismailov, F.S., Veliyev, E.F., Dyshin, O.A. (2013). The influence of light metal nanoparticles on the strength of polymer gels used in oil industry. SOCAR Proceedings, 2, 24-28.

Etan və separasiya olunmuş qazın ardıcıl vurulması ilə ikifazalı çoxkomponentli süzülmə modeli əsasında tükənmə rejimində olan qazkondensat laylarından retroqrad kondensatın çıxarılması imkanları tədqiq edilmişdir. Separasiya olunan qaz laya daxil olduqca etan qazı ilə zənginləşir. Etanın bir hissəsi qaz fazasında qalsa da, onun əsas kütləsi maye fazanın həcminin artmasını təmin edir və məsamələr fəzasının kifayət qədər maye faza ilə doyması nəticəsində onun layda hidrodinamik hərəkətliliyi baş verir. Nəticədə hasilat quyularında istehsalda yüksək molekulyar komponentlərinin miqdarı artır və layın kondensata görə məhsuldarlığı yüksəlir.

Açar sözlər: tükənmə rejimi; etan və separasiya olunmuş qazın vuruiması; retroqrad kondensat; qalıq etanın həcmi; maksimal kondensasiya təzyiqindən aşağı təzyiq.

Ədəbiyyat siyahısı

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5. Jalalov, G.I., Feyzullayev, Kh.A., Khalilov, M.S. (2018). Sumulation of gas-condensate deposits development. Transactions of ANAS. Issue Mechanics, 38(7), 23-32.
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Son vaxtlar karbon nanomateriallar və onlar əsaslı kompozisiyalar böyük maraq kəsb edir. Karbonun morfologiyası və yüksək struktur müxtəlifliyi, eyni zamanda sadə funksionallığı materialın xüsusiyyətlərinin tapşırığa uyğun effektli seçiminə imkan yaradır. Müasir karbon nanomateriallarının geniş tətbiqi neft-qaz sənayesinə də təsir etmişdir. Təqdim olunanan məqalədə neftqaz sahəsində nanotexnologiyaların tətbiqinin əsas istiqamətləri göstərilmişdir. Xüsusən, neft-qazçıxarmada və qazmada karbon nanomateriallarının (nanoalmazlar, karbon nanoboruları və qrafenə bənzər materiallar) istifadəsi tendensiyalarına diqqət yönəldilmişdir.

Açar sözlər: nanotexnologiya; neft hasilatı; neft hasilatının intensivləşdirilməsi; qazma; nanodispersiyalar; karbon nanomaterialları; karbon nanoborular.

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İstehsalat qalıqları daxil olan, natrium silikat əsaslı geləmələgətirən tərkiblə yüksəkeciricili zonaların bloka alınması yolu ilə quyuya su axınının təcrid olunması üsulu işlənilib. İstehsalat qalığı kimi süd zərdabından istifadə edilir. Geləmələgətirən tərkiblə su ilə doymuş intervalların təcrid olunması nəticəsində işlənməyə aşağı keçiricilikli neftlə doymuş sahələr cəlb olunur. Geləmələgətirmə prosesi natrium silikatın və süd zərdabının konsentrasiyasından , eləcə də layın müəyyən dərinliyində təcrid olunma üçün zəruri olan zonanın temperaturundan asılı olaraq tənzimlənir. Lay mühiti cod olarsa vaxtından əvvəl koaqulyasiya prosesinin qarşısının alınması üçün geləmələgətirən tərkibdən əvvəl şirin və ya yumuşaldılmış su vurulur. Bu texnologiyanın tətbiqi zamanı qalıq müqavimət faktoru 3.88 çatacaq, neft hasilatının artması isə 18.5% təşkil edəcək.

Açar sözlər: su axınlarının izolyasiya olunması; geləmələgəlmə; süd zərdabı; lay modeli; qalıq müqavimət faktoru; neftsıxışdırma əmsalı.

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13. Suleimanov, B. A., Veliyev, E. F. (2016, November). Nanogels for deep reservoir conformance control. SPE182534-RU. In SPE Annual Caspian Technical Conference & Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
14. Suleimanov, B. A., Veliyev, E. F., Dyshin, O. A. (2015). Effect of nanoparticles on the compressive strength of polymer gels used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Petroleum Science and Technology, 33(10), 1133-1140.
15. Veliyev, E.F., Aliyev, A.A., Guliyev, V.V., Naghiyeva, N.V. (2019, October). Water shutoff using crosslinked polymer gels. SPE-198351-MS. In SPE Annual Caspian Technical Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
16. Suleimanov, B. A., Veliyev, E. F., Naghiyeva, N. V. (2020). Colloidal dispersion gels for in-depth permeability modification. Modern Physics Letters B, 2150038.
17. Skrettingland, K., Dale, E.I., Stenerud, V.R., et al. (2014, March-April). Snorre in-depth water diversion using sodium silicate-large scale interwell field pilot. SPE-169727-MS. In SPE EOR Conference at Oil and Gas West Asia Held in Muscat. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
18. Шахвердиев, А.Х., Панахов, Г.М., Сулейманов, Б.А. и др. (1998). Способ ограничения водопритока в скважину. Патент РФ 2121570.
19. Рзаева, С.Д. (2019). Новый микробиологический метод повышения нефтеотдачи пластов, содержащих высокоминерализованную воду. SOCAR Proceedings, 2, 38-44.
20. Сулейманов, Б. А., Лятифов, Я. A., Велиев, Э. Ф. (2019). Применение умягченной воды для повышения нефтеотдачи пласта. SOCAR Proceedings. 1, 19-28.
21. Suleimanov, B. A., Latifov, Y. A., Veliyev, E. F., Frampton, H. (2017, November). Low salinity and low hardness alkali water as displacement agent for secondary and tertiary flooding in sandstones. SPE188998-MS. In SPE Annual Caspian Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
22. Сулейманов, Б. А., Исмайлов, Ф. С., Велиев, Э. Ф. (2014). О влиянии наночастиц металла на прочность полимерных гелей на основе КМЦ, применяемых при добыче нефти. Нефтяное хозяйство, 1, 86-88.

1960-cı illərin sonlarından bəri polimer məhlulu ilə sıxışdırılma əsas neftverimin artırılması üsullarından biri hesab edilir. Lakin, laboratoriya və mədənlərdə əldə edilmiş önəmli təcrübələrə baxmayaraq, bu texnologiya hələ də inkişaf etməklə, tədqiqatçılar qarşısına yeni amillər və tapşırıqlar çıxarır, hansı ki, öz növbəsində texnologiyanın tətbiqi üçün çox əhəmiyyətlidir. Belə tapşırıqlardan biri polimerin məsaməli mühitdə tutulma miqdarının hesablanmasıdır. Məqalədə tutulma mexanizminə təsir edən əsas amil və proseslərdən, eləcə də, polimer məhlulunun laboratoriya şəraitində məsaməli mühitdən filtrasiyası zamanı tutulmuş polimerin miqdarının hesablanmasından bəhs edilir. 

Açar sözlər: neftverimin artırılması üsulları; laya polimer ilə təsir edilməsi; polimerin məsaməli mühitdə tutulması; adsorbsiya; neftin hərəkətliliyi; neftvermə əmsalı.

Ədəbiyyat siyahısı

1. Suleimanov, B. A., Veliyev, E. F. (2016, November). Nanogels for deep reservoir conformance control. SPE-182534-RU. In SPE Annual Caspian Technical Conference & Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
2. Suleimanov, B. A., Ismaylov, F. S., Veliyev, E.F. (2014). On the metal nanoparticles effect on the strength of polymer gels based on carboxymethylcellulose, applying at oil recovery. Oil Industry, 1, 86-88.
3. Surguchev, L., Manrique, E., Alvarado, V. (2005, September). Improved oil recovery: Status and opportunities. In Proceedings of the 18thWorld Petroleum Congress.
4. Muskat, M. (1981). Physical principles of oil production. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
5. Stiles, W.E. (1949). Use of permeability distribution in water flood calculations. SPE JPT, 1(1), 9–13.
6. Johnson, C.E.Jr. (1956). Prediction of oil recovery by waterflood - A simplified graphical treatment of the Dykstra-Parsons method. SPE JPT, 8(11), 55-56.
7. Aronofsky, J.S. (1952). Mobility ratio - Its influence on flood patterns during water encroachment. SPE JPT, 4(1), 15–24.
8. Aronofsky, J., Ramey, H.J.Jr. (1956). Mobility ratio - Its influence on injection or production histories in five-spot water flood. SPE JPT, 8(9), 205–210.
9. Dyes, A., Caudle, B., Erickson, R. (1954). Oil production after breakthrough as influenced by mobility ratio. SPE JPT, 6(4), 27–32.
10. Caudle, B.H., Witte, M.D. (1959). Production potential changes during sweep-out in a five-spot system. SPE JPT, 12(12), 63-65.
11. Barnes, A.L. (1962). The use of a viscous slug to improve waterflood efficiency in a reservoir partially invaded by bottom water. SPE JPT, 14(10), 1147-153.
12. Pye, D.J. (1964). Improved secondary recovery by control of water mobility. SPE JPT, 16, 911–916.
13. Sandiford, B.B. (1964). Laboratory and field studies of water floods using polymer solutions to increase oil recoveries. SPE JPT, 16, 917–922.
14. Veliyev, E.F., Aliyev, A.A., Guliyev, V.V., Naghiyeva, N.V. (2019, October). Water shutoff using crosslinked polymer gels. SPE-198351-MS. In SPE Annual Caspian Technical Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
15. Veliyev, E.F. (2020). Review of modern in-situ fluid diversion technologies. SOCAR Proceedings, 2, 50-66.
16. Nagiyeva, N.V. (2020). Colloidal dispersion gels for align the injectivity profile of injection wells. SOCAR Proceedings, 2, 67-77.
17. Suleimanov, B.A., Veliyev, E.F., Azizagha, A.A. (2020). Colloidal dispersion nanogels for in-situ fluid diversion. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 193, 107411
18. Manichand, R.N., Seright, R. (2014). Field vs. laboratory polymer-retention values for a polymer flood in the Tambaredjo field. SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering, 17(3), 314-325.
19. Zhao, J., Fan, H., You, Q., Jia, Y. (2017). Distribution and presence of polymers in porous media. Energies, 10, 2118.
20. Lee, K.S. (2009). Simulation of polymer flood processes in heterogeneous layered systems with crossflow and adsorption. Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute, 52, 190–197.
21. Zhang, G., Seright, R. (2014). Effect of concentration on HPAM retention in porous media. SPE Journal, 19, 373–380.
22. Suleimanov, B.A., Ismailov, F.S., Dyshin, O.A., Veliyev, E.F. (2016, October). Screening evaluation of EOR methods based on fuzzy logic and Bayesian inference mechanisms. SPE-182044-MS. In SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
23. Suleimanov, B.A., Dyshin, O.A., Veliyev, E.F. (2016, October). Compressive strength of polymer nanogels used for enhanced oil recovery EOR. SPE-181960-MS. In SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
24. Suleimanov, B.A., Guseynova, N.I., Veliyev, E.F. (2017, October). Control of displacement front uniformity by fractal dimensions. SPE-187784-MS. In SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
25. Suleimanov, B.A., Veliyev, E.F., Dyshin, O.A. (2015). Effect of nanoparticles on the compressive strength of polymer gels used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Petroleum Science and Technology, 33(10), 1133-1140.
26. Suleimanov, B.A., Veliyev, E.F. (2016). The effect of particle size distribution and the nano-sized additives on the quality of annulus isolation in well cementing. SOCAR Proceedings, 4, 4-10.
27. Suleimanov, B.A., Latifov, Y.A., Veliyev, E.F., Frampton, H. (2018). Comparative analysis of the EOR mechanisms by using low salinity and low hardness alkaline water. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 162, 35-43.
28. Suleimanov, B.A., Ismayilov, F.S., Dyshin, O.A., Veliyev, E.F. (2016). Selection methodology for screening evaluation of EOR methods. Petroleum Science and Technology, 34(10), 961-970.
29. Suleimanov, B.A., Ismailov, F.S., Veliyev, E.F., Dyshin, O.A. (2013). The influence of light metal nanoparticles on the strength of polymer gels used in oil industry. SOCAR Proceedings, 2, 24-28.
30. Suleimanov, B.A., Latifov, Y.A., Veliyev, E. F. (2019). Softened water application for enhanced oil recovery. SOCAR Proceedings, 1, 19-29.
31. Choi, B., Yu, K., Lee, K.S. (2016). Modelling of polymer retention during low concentrated HPAM polymer flooding in the heterogeneous reservoirs. International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Engineering, 11, 249–263.
32. Sorbie, K.S. (2013). Polymer - improved oil recovery. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Science & Business Media.
33. Theng, B.K.G. (1979). Chapter 2: Polymer behaviour at clay and solid surfaces /in «Developments in soil science, formation and properties of clay-polymer complexes». Amsterdam: Elsivier Science B.V.
34. Green, D.W., Willhite, G.P. (1998). Enhanced oil recovery. Richardson, TX: Society of Petroleum Engineers.
35. Lee, J.-J., Fuller, G.G. (1985). Adsorption and desorption of flexible polymer chains in flowing systems. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 103, 569–577.
36. Gogarty, W.B. (1967). Mobility control with polymer solutions. SPE Journal, 7, 161–173.
37. Zitha, P.L.J., Botermans, C.W. (1998). Bridging-adsorption of flexible polymers in low permeability porous media. SPE Production & Facilities, 13(1), 15-20.
38. Szabo, M.T. (1975). Some aspects of polymer retention in porous media using a C14-tagged hydrolyzed polyacrylamide. SPE Journal, 15, 323–337.
39. Dominguez, J.G., Willhite, G.P. (1977). Retention and flow characteristics of polymer solutions in porous media. SPE Journal, 17, 111–121.
40. Huh, C., Lange, E.A., Cannella, W.J. (1990, April). Polymer retention in porous media. SPE-20235-MS. In Proceedings of the SPE/DOE Enhanced Oil Recovery Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
41. Szabo, M.T. (1979). An evaluation of water-soluble polymers for secondary oil recovery - Parts 1 and 2. SPE JPT, 31, 553–570.
42. Cohen, Y., Christ, F.R. (1986). Polymer retention and adsorption in the flow of polymer solutions through porous media. SPE Reservoir Engineering, 1, 113–118.
43. Chauveteau, G., Kohler, N. (1974, April). Polymer flooding: The essential elements for laboratory evaluation. SPE-4745-MS. In Proceedings of the SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
44. Marker, J.M. (1973). Dependence of polymer retention on flow rate. SPE JPT, 25, 1307–1308.
45. Hlady, V., Lyklema, J., Fleer, G.J. (1982). Effect of polydispersity on the adsorption of dextran on silver iodide. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 87, 395–406.
46. Rashidi, M., Sandvik, S., Blokhus, A., Skauge, A. (2009, April). Static and dynamic adsorption of salt tolerant polymers. In Proceedings of the IOR 2009-15th European Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery.
47. Gramain, P., Myard, P. (1980). Polyacrylamides with coloured groups for trace analysis in water. Polymer Bulletin, 3, 627–631.
48. Lakatos, I., Lakatos-Szabó, J., Tóth, J. (1981). Factors influencing polyacrylamide adsorption in porous media and their effect on flow behavior /in «Surface phenomena in enhanced oil recovery». Boston, MA: Springer.
49. Huang, Y., Sorbie, K.S. (1993, March). Scleroglucan behavior in flow through porous media: Comparison of adsorption and in-situ rheology with Xanthan. SPE-25173-MS. In Proceedings of the SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
50. Zheng, C.G., Gall, B.L., Gao, H.W., et al. (1998, April). Effects of polymer adsorption and flow behavior on two-phase flow in porous. SPE-39632-MS. In Proceedings of the SPE/DOE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
51. Sheng, J. (2010). Modern chemical enhanced oil recovery: theory and practice. 1st ed. Houston, TX: Gulf Professional Publishing.
52. Smith, F.W. (1970). The behavior of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide solutions in porous media. SPE JPT, 22, 148–156.
53. Broseta, D., Medjahed, F., Lecourtier, J., Robin, M. (1995). Polymer adsorption/retention in porous media: Effects of core wettability and residual oil. SPE Advanced Technology Series, 3(1), 103-112.
54. Chiappa, L., Mennella, A., Lockhart, T.P., Burrafato, G. (1999). Polymer adsorption at the brine/rock interface: The role of electrostatic interactions and wettability. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 24, 113–122.
55. Li, Q., Pu,W., Wei, B., et al. (2017). Static adsorption and dynamic retention of an anti-salinity polymer in low permeability sandstone core. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 134, 44487.
56. Mezzomo, R.F., Moczydlower, P., Sanmartin, A.N., Araujo, C.H.V. (2002, April). A new approach to the determination of polymer concentration in reservoir rock adsorption tests. SPE-75204-MS. In Proceedings of the SPE/DOE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
57. Osterloh, W.T., Law, E.J. (1998, April). Polymer transport and rheological properties for polymer flooding in the North Sea. SPE-39694-MS. In Proceedings of the SPE/DOE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
58. Li, K., Jing, X., He, S., Wei, B. (2016). Static adsorption and retention of viscoelastic surfactant in porous media: EOR implication. Energy Fuels, 30, 9089–9096.
59. Delshad, M., Pope, G.A., Sepehrnoori, K. (1996). A compositional simulator for modeling surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation, 1 formulation. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 23, 303–327.

Hər bir komponentə görə kəsilməzlik tənlikləri, süzülmə qanunu və fazaların hal tənlikləri, suda duzun konsentrasiya tənliyi və fazalar arasında doyumluluq tənliyinin birgə kombinasiyası əsasında gil saxlayan kollektorda neftin su ilə sıxışdırılması prosesinin ikifazlı çoxkomponentli hidrodinamik modeli təklif edilmiş və onun əsasında gilli layda neftin lay və şirin su ilə sıxışdırılması prosesinində gilin şişməsi və şişməməsi  nəzərə alınmaqla texnoloji göstəricilər proqnozlaşdırılmışdır.

Açar sözlər: şirin və lay suyu; gil sişməsi; neftlədoyma; keçiricilik; məsaməlik.

Ədəbiyyat siyahısı

1. Сулейманов, Б. А. (1995). О фильтрации дисперсных систем в неоднородной пористой среде. Коллоидный журнал, 57(5), 743-746.
2. Сулейманов, Б. А. (2011). Промывка песчаной пробки газированными жидкостями. SOCAR Proceedings, 1, 30-36.
3. Сулейманов, Б. А., Байрамов, М. М., Мамедов, М. Р. (2004). О влиянии скин-эффекта на дебит нефтяных скважин. Геология, геофизика и разработка нефтяных и газовых месторождений, 8, 68-70.
4. Сулейманов, Б. А. (1997). Теоретические и практические основы применения гетерогенных систем для повышения эффективности технологических процессов в нефтдобыче. Диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора технических наук. Баку: АГНА. 
5. Suleimanov, B. A., Latifov, Y. A., Veliyev, E. F., Frampton, H. (2018). Comparative analysis of the EOR mechanisms by using low salinity and low hardness alkaline water. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 162, 35-43.
6. Suleimanov, B. A., Ismayilov, F. S., Dyshin, O. A., Veliyev, E. F. (2016). Selection methodology for screening evaluation of EOR methods. Petroleum Science and Technology, 34(10), 961-970.
7. Сулейманов, Б.А., Исмайлов, Ф.С., Велиев, Э.Ф., Дышин, О.А. (2013). О влиянии наночастиц на прочность полимерных гелей, применямых в нефтедобыче. SOCAR Proceedings, 2, 24-28.
8. Suleimanov, B.A., Ismailov, F.S., Dyshin, O.A., Veliyev, E.F. (2016, October). Screening evaluation of EOR methods based on fuzzy logic and Bayesian inference mechanisms. SPE-182044-MS. In SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
9. Сулейманов, Б. А., Лятифов, Я. A., Велиев, Э. Ф. (2019). Применение умягченной воды для повышения нефтеотдачи пласта. SOCAR Proceedings. 1, 19-28.
10. Забродин, П. И., Хавкин, А. Я., Чернышев, Г. И. (1991). Радиометрические исследования особенностей фильтрации разноминерализованных вод в глиносодержащих коллекторах. Нефтяная промышленность. Cерия «Разработка нефтяных месторождений и методы повышения нефтеотдачи», 6, 1-9.
11. Аширов, А. Б., Выжигин, Г. В., Данилова, А. И. и др. (1980). Изменение коллекторских свойств продуктивных пластов при разработке залежей. Нефтяное хозяйство, 3, 29-33.
12. Закиров, С. Н., Сомов, Б. Е., Гордон, В. Я. и др. (1988). Многомерная и многокомпонентная фильтрация. Москва: Недра.
13. Фейзуллаев, Х. А. (2006). Численное моделирование обработки призабой¬ной зоны газоконденсатной скважины «сухим» газом с учетом многокомпонентной фильтрации системы. ANAS Transactions, 2, 48-54.
14. Сулейманов, Б. А., Фейзуллаев, Х. А. (2017). Моделирование изоляции водопритоков при разработке зонально-неоднородных нефтяных пластов. ANAS Transactions, 2, 72-81.
15. Брусиловский, А. И. (2002). Фазовые превращения при разработке месторождений нефти и газа. Москва: Грааль.
16. Азиз, Х., Сеттари, Э. (1982). Математическое моделирование пластовых систем. Москва: Недра.
17. Коновалов, А. Н. (1972). Задачи фильтрации многофазной несжимаемой жидкости. Новосибирск: НГУ.
18. Ступоченко, В. Е. (1981). Влияние глинистости коллектора на полноту вытеснения нефти водой. Геолого-физические аспекты обоснования коэффициента нефтеотдачи, 228, 59-79.

Məqalədə əsas fondlardan istifadənin səmərəlilik göstəricilərinin təyini probleminə metodik yanaşma təklif olunur. Ənənəvi olaraq əsas fondlardan istifadə göstəriciləri balans dəyərinə görə hesablanır. Bu yanaşma bütövlükdə (iki əmsal istisna olmaqla) əsas fondların aşınmasını təkzib edir və onların faktiki vəziyyətlərinin real görüntülərini təhrif edir. Bununla əlaqədar olaraq «Azneft» İB-nin bəzi neftqazçıxarma idarələrində (NQÇİ) balans və qalıq dəyərlərinə görə hesablanmış əsas fondlardan istifadənin səmərəlilik göstəriciləri sisteminin müqayisəli təhlili aparılmışdır. Tədqiqatlar nəzəri əhəmiyyət kəsb edir və təcrübədə NQÇİ bununlardan özünün təsərrüfat fəaliyyətinin təhlilində istifadə edə bilər.

Açar sözlər: əsas fondlar; təhlil; səmərəlilik; göstəricilər sistemi; müəssisənin hesabat işləri; metodik yanaşma; balans və qalıq dəyəri; orta illik qalıq dəyəri.

Ədəbiyyat siyahısı

1. http://www.aup.ru/books/
2. https://ru.m.wikipedia.org>wiki>Фонд…
3. http://lybs.ru/index-11129.htm
4. https://economy-ru.info/index/
5. Экономика предприятий нефтяной и газовой промышленности. (2006) /под ред. проф. В.Ф.Дунаева. Москва: «Нефть и газ» РГУ нефти и газа им. И.М.Губкина.
6. Перчик, А.И. (1990). Словарь-справочник по экономике нефтегазодобывающей промышленности. Москва: Недра.
7. Салимова, С.Г. (2015). К проблеме детального анализа фондоотдачи по группам скважин. SOCAR Proceeding, 4, 61-66.

Məqalədə nefqazçıxarma idarələrində qazın istehsalat itkilərinin normalaşdırılma  məsələsinə baxılmışdır. Texnoloji itkilərin tərifi verilir, itkilərin strukturu və uçot sisteminə  baxılır. Təbii və səmt qazının itkisinin təsnifatı itkinin yaranma mənbəyinə görə təklif olunur. Neftqazçıxarma idarələrinin daxili istehsalat tələbatlarına texnoloji qaz sərfinin istiqamətləri  sistemləşdirilmişdir. Normalaşdırma sahəsində nəzəri və təcrübi məlumatların ümumi nəticəsinə əsaslanaraq qazın texnoloji itki və normasının təyini metodikası işlənilmişdir. Yuxarıda adı çəkilən metodika üzrə «Azneft» İstehsalat Birliyinin doqquz NQÇİ və iki yeraltı qaz anbarı, on bir nefqazçıxarma Əməliyyat Şirkəti üçün qazın texnoloji itki və daxili ehtiyaclara sərf norması hesablanmışdır. Bütün adı çəkilən idarələr üzrə texnoloji itkilərin struktur tərkibi təhlil edilmiş, itki normalarının hər tərəfli müqayisəli təhlili yerinə yetirilmişdir. Qazın daxili texnoloji ehtiyaclara normativ sərfin dəyişmə səviyyəsinin diaqramı qurulmuşdur və nəticə çıxarılmışdır.

Açar sözlər: texnoloji qaz itkisi; daxili ehtiyaclara qaz sərfi; qazın itki mənbələri; qaz sərfinin normalaşdırılması; qaz itkilərinin təyini metodikası.

Ədəbiyyat siyahısı

1. СТО 3.1-2-002-2008. (2008). Методика определения нормативов потерь газа горючего природного при добыче в организациях ОАО «Газпром». Москва: ОАО «Газпром».
2. Методика нормирования расхода газа на технологические нужды и технические потери при транспорте газа по магистральным газопроводам Республики Молдова. (2000). Молдова: Национальное агентство по регулированию в энергетике.
3. Методические рекомендации по определению и обоснованию технологических потерь природного газа, газового конденсата и попутного (нефтяного) газа при добыче, технологически связанных с принятой схемой и технологией разработки месторождения. (2012). РФ, Москва: Министерство Энергетики.
4. ОСТ 153-39.2-046-2003. (2003). Методика определения технологических потерь газообразного и жидкого углеводородного сырья при его компримировании и переработке. Москва: Минэнерго.
5. РД 153-39.0-111-2001. (2001). Методика определения нормативной потребности и норм расхода природного газа на собственные технологические нужды газодобывающих предприятий. Москва: ВНИИГАЗ.

Məqalədə neft-qaz sənayesinin monitorinq və idarəedilməsində geniş istifadə olunan SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) sistemlərinin cloud computing mühitinə miqrasiya edilməsi məsələlərinə baxılmışdır. Ənənəvi SCADA sistemləri çox bahalı, qeyriçevik, miqyaslaşması çətin olduğundan məlumatların toplanması, ötürülməsi və emalında çoxsaylı problemlər yaranır. SCADA sisteminin tətbiqlərinin bulud mühitinə köçürülməsi xərclərin azaldılmasına, miqyaslaşma imkanlarının yaxşılaşdırılmasına imkan yaradır. Texniki və proqram təminatının alınması, quraşdırılması və saxlanılmasına nisbətən daha aşağı xərclə həyata keçirilir. Məqalədə neft və qaz sənayesində quraşdırılmış obyektlərdən məlumatların asan, təhlükəsiz, etibarlı və sürətli toplanması və emal edilməsi üçün bulud əsaslı SCADA sistemlərindən istifadə olunması təklif olunur.

Açar sözlər: neft-qaz sənayesi; SCADA sistemləri; cloud computing; cloud xidmətləri; cloud modelləri; təhlükəsizlik.

Ədəbiyyat siyahısı

1. Cloud-based SCADA systems: The benefits & risks. Is moving your SCADA system to the cloud right for your company. (2011). https://www.controlglobal.com/assets/11WPpdf/111202-inductiveautomation-cloud.pdf
2. Cloud-based SCADA system for the oil and gas industry. (2012). Global Energy forum. http://worldenergyforum2012.org/
3. Goose, S., Kirsch, J., Wei, D. (2014). SKYDA: cloud-based, secure SCADA-as-a-service. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 25(11), 3004-3016.
4. Gligor, A., Turc, T. (2012). Development of a Service Oriented SCADA System. Procedia Economics and Finance, 3, 256–261.
5. Wilhoit, K. (2013). SCADA in the cloud. A security conundrum? Trend Micro Incorporated. https://www. trendmicro.ie/media/misc/scada-in-the-cloud-a-security-conundrum-en.pdf
6. Liu, M., Yuan, M., Wang, F., Sun, C. (2016). The oil and gas pipeline clouding SCADA system and multiple data centers storage system design. In International Conference on Manufacturing Construction and Energy Engineering.
7. Sajid, A., Abbas, H., Saleem, K. (2016). Cloud-assisted IoT-based SCADA systems security: A review of the state of the art and future challenges. IEEE Access, 4, 1375-1385.
8. Shahzad, A., Musa, S., Aborujilah, A., et al. (2013). Conceptual model of real time infrastructure within cloud computing environment. International Journal of Computer Networks, 5(1), 18-24.
9. Liu, M., Guo, C., Yuan, M. (2013). The framework of SCADA system based on cloud computing. In Cloud Computing. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. Vol. 133. Springer, Cham.
10. Yi, M., Mueller, H., Yu, L., Chuan, J. (2017). Benchmarking cloud-based SCADA system. In IEEE 9th International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science.
11. Church, P., Mueller, H., Ryan, C., et al. (2017). Migration of a SCADA system to IaaS clouds – a case study. Journal of Cloud Computing: Advances, Systems and Applications, 6(1), 1-12.
12. Nazir, S., Patel, S., Patel, D. (2017). Assessing and augmenting SCADA cyber security: A survey of techniques. Computers & Security, 70, 436–454.
13. Terezinho, F. Remote access, any time, any place. https://www.controlglobal.com/assets/14WPpdf/140106-InduSoftHMI-Mobility.pdf
14. Mrabet, Z. El, Ghazi, H. El., Kaabouch, N., Ghazi, H. El. (2018). Cyber-security in smart grid: survey and challenges. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 67, 469–482.
15. Krishna, B. H., Kiran, S., Murali, G., Reddy, R. P. K. (2016). Security issues in service model of cloud computing environment. Procedia Computer. Science, 87, 246–251.
16. Soufiane, S., Halima, B. (2017). SaaS cloud security: attacks and proposed solutions. Transactions on Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence, 5(4), 291–301.
17. Fataliyev, T. Kh., Mehdiyev, Sh. A. (2018). Analysis and new approaches to the solution of problems of operation of oil and gas complex as cyber-physical system. International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science, 10(11), 67-76.
18. Zhifeng, Y., Fei, H., Xuehui, F., et al. (2019). Cloud computing and big data for oil and gas industry application, China. Journal of Computers, 14(4), 268-282.
19. Khan, W. Z., Aalsalem, M. Y., Khan, M. K., et al. (2017). A reliable internet of things based architecture for oil and gas industry. In 19th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology.
20. Slay, J., Miller, M. (2006). A security architecture for SCADA networks. In 17th Australasian Conference on Information Systems. https://www.academia.edu/21192781/A_Security_Architecture_for_SCADA_Networks
21. Yadav, G., Paul, K. (2020). Archıtecture and security of SCADA systems: a review. https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.02925
22. Rao, B. S., Chakravarthi, Ch. V., Jawahar, A. (2017). Industrial control systems security and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA). International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology, 3(10), 109-118.
23. Yang, L., Cao, X., Li, J., et al. (2012). Research on fnn-based security defense architecture model of SCADA network. In IEEE 2nd International Conference on Cloud Computing and Intelligence Systems.
24. Liu, M., Yuan, M., Li, G. (2014). Design private cloud of oil and gas SCADA system. EAI Endorsed Transactions on Scalable Information Systems, 1(3), 1-5.
25. Alguliyev, R., Alekperov, R. (2013). Cloud computing: modern state, problems and prospects. Telecommunications and Radio Engineering, 73(3), 255-266.
26. Diaby, T., Rad, B. B. (2017). Cloud Computing: A review of the concepts and deployment models. International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science, 9(6), 50–58.
27. Zhang, Q., Cheng, L., Boutaba, R. (2010). Cloud computing: state-of-the-art and research challenges. Journal of Internet Services and Applications, 1, 7-18.
28. Srivastava, P., Khan. R. (2018). A review paper on cloud computing. International Journals of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, 8(6), 16-20.
29. Combs, L. Cloud computing for SCADA, moving all or part of SCADA applications to the cloud can cut costs, significantly while dramatically increasing reliability and scalability. http://www.indusoft.com/Documentation/WhitePapers/ArtMID/1198/ArticleID/430/Cloud-Computing-for-SCADA
30. Stojanović, M. D., Boštjanĉiĉ Rakas, S. V., Marković-PetroviC, J. D. (2019). Scada systems ın the cloud and fog envıronments: mıgratıon scenarıos and securıty ıssues. Electronics and Energetics. 32(3), 345-358.
31. Tariqa, N., Asima, M., Khanb, F. A. (2019). Securing SCADA-based critical infrastructures: challenges and open issues. In The 5th International Workshop on Cyber Security and Digital Investigation, Procedia Computer Science, 155, 612–617.
32. Gao, W., Morris, T., Reaves, B., Richey, D. (2010). On SCADA control system command and response injection and intrusion detection. In Proceedings of the 2010 eCrime Researchers Summit. IEEE.

Məqalədə planetin əhali sayının artması və artan əhalinin həyat təminatının məsələlərinin həlli ilə bağlı problemlərin arasındakı əlaqələrə baxılmışdır. Bu problemlərin həlli enerji resurslarının istehlakı ilə müşayiət olunacağı və bu istehlakın öz növbəsində alternativ mənbələrin aşkarlanmasını və tətbiqini tələb edəcəyi göstərilmişdir. Bərpa olunan enerji mənbəyi kimi biokütlənin tətbiqi bütün dünyada ən perspektivli istiqamət olduğu müəyyən edilmişdir. Bioyanacağın təsnifatı və müxtəlif tərkibləri, həmçinin onun termokimyəvi istehsalı texnologiyası və onun əsasında istilik enerjisi, elektrik enerjisi və onun əsasında kimyəvi maddələrin biotexnologiyaları və biokütlə materialların işlənib hazırlanması müzakirə olunur. Tullantıların yığılması, konversiyası, enerji təchizatı, təsnifatı və emalı mərhələləri daxil olan intehsalatın modul tipli olduğu göstərilir. Sosial-iqtisadi və ekoloji şəraitə mənfi təsir göstərən amillər siyahısı formalaşdırılmışdır.

Açar sözlər: əhali; problemlər; enerji təchizatı; biokütlə; boiyanacaq; modul; emal resursları.

Ədəbiyyat siyahısı

1. Safety page. Beginners guide to biogas (2007).
2. Be green - make gas http://www.alfagy.com/
3. Biomethane fueled vehicles the carbon neutral option. (2009). UK: Claverton Energy Conference.
4. Biogas & engines (2011). www.clarke-energy.com
5. Gupta, S. (2011). Bio gas comes in from the cold. London: New Scientist, Sunita Harrington.
6. http://www.az-buki.com
7. Biomass energy: manure for fuel. (2009). Texas: State Energy Conservation Office.
8. Basic information on biogas. (2007). www.kolumbus.fi
9. NNFCC Renewable fuels and energy factsheet: anaerobic digestion. (2011). National Non-Food Crops Centre.
10. LFG energy projects. http://www.epa.gov/
11. Biogas - bioenergy association of New Zealand (BANZ). (2006). www.bioenergy.org.nz

İlk dəfə olaraq nano metal oksidlərinin birgə iştirakı iləaromatik birləşmə - 1,3-disulfoxlorid benzol (DSXB) və butadien nitril kauçukunun (BNK) birgə vulkanlaşması tədqiq olunmuşdur. Alınmış qarışığın tikilmə prosesi iki üsulla aparılmışdır: qamma şüalandırma (D=300 kQr) və qızdırıldıqdan sonra şüalandırma (453 K x 5 ', D=300 kQr). Vulkanlaşma prosesinin sürətini artırmaq məqsədi ilə aktivator kimi ZnO və Al₂O₃ nanooksidlərinin birgə kombinasiyasından istifadə olunmuşdur. Alınmış nanokompozitlərin səthi skanedici elektron mikroskop (SEM) vasitəsilə öyrənilmişdir. Modifikasiya olunmuş qarışığın mexaniki xassələri tədqiq olunmuş və kükürdlü vulkanizatla müqayisə edilmişdir. Həmçinin, nanokompozitlərin aqressiv mühitdə temperaturun təsirindən köhnəlməsindən sonra mexaniki xassələri təyin edilmişdir. Tədqiqat işindən alınan nəticələrə görə müəyyən olunmuşdur ki, nano oksid metalların iştirakı ilə BNK-nın tikici agent olan DSXB-ilə vulkanlaşması zamanı, alınan materiallardan köhnəlməyə və aqressiv mühitə (hava, dəniz suyu və neft məhlulu) qarşı davamlı germetiklərin alınmasında istifadə etmək olar.

Açar sözlər: butadienenitril kauçuk; tikilmə; germetik elementlər; gamma şüalanması; termiki yaşlanma; nano-ZnO; nano-Al₂O₃.

Ədəbiyyat siyahısı

1. Przybyszewska, M., Zaborski, M., Jakubowski, B., Zawadiak, J. (2009). Zinc chelates as new activators for sulphur vulcanization of acrylonitrile-butadiene elastomer. Express Polymer Letters, 3, 256–266.
2. Findik, F., Yilmaz, R., Koksal, T. (2004). Investigation of mechanical and physical properties of several industrial rubbers. Materials & Design, 25, 269-276.
3. Yasin, T., Ahmed, S., Yoshii, F., Makuuchi, K. (2002). Radiation vulcanization of acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber with polyfunctional monomers. Reactive & Functional Polymers, 53, 173-181.
4. Balachandran, M., Devanathan, S., Muraleekrishnan, R., Bhagawan, S.S. (2012). Optimizing properties of nanoclay-nitrile rubber (NBR) composites using face centred central composite design. Materials & Design, 35, 854-862.
5. Ahmed, F.S., Shafy, M., Abd El-megeed, A.A., Hegazi, E.M. (2011). The effect of γ-irradiation on acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber NBR seal materials with different antioxidants. Materials & Design, 36, 823-828.
6. Bhattacharya, A. (2000). Radiation and industrial polymers. Progress in Polymer Science, 25, 371-401.
7. Drobny, J.G. (2005). Electron beam processing of elastomers. Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 232, 27.
8. Makuuchi, K., Cheng, S. (2012). Radiation processing of polymer materials and its ındustrial application. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
9. Chmielewski, A.G., Haji-Saeid, M., Ahmed, S. (2005). Progress in radiation processing of polymers. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section B, 236, 44-54.
10. Mohamed, M.A., Mounir, R., Shaltout, N.A. (2012). Radiation vulcanization of filler-reinfored natural rubber/ styrene butadiene rubber blends. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 31, 597.
11. Wang, M.J. (1999). The role of filler networking in dynamic properties of filled rubber. Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 72(2), 430–448.
12. Li, Q., Ma, Y., Wu, C., Qian, S. (2008). Effect of carbon black nature on vulcanization and mechanical properties of rubber. Journal of Macromolecular Science. Part B, 47(5), 837–846.
13. Tai, Y., Qian, J., Miao, J., et al. (2012). Preparation and characterization of Si3N4/SBR nanocomposites with high performance. Materials & Design, 34, 522-527.
14. Suzuki, N., Yatsuyanagi, F., Ito, M., Kaidou, H. (2002). Effects of surface chemistry of silica particles on secondary structure and tensile properties of silica-filled rubber systems. The Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 86, 1622-1629.
15. Youssef, H.A., Ali, Z.I., El-Nemr, K.F., Bekhit, M. (2013). Effect of ionizing radiation on the properties of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/clay nanocomposites. Journal of Elastomers and Plastics, 45, 407-428.
16. Sharifa, J., Yunus, W.M.Z.W., Dahlan, K.Z.H.M., Ahmad, M.H. (2005). Preparation and properties of radiation crosslinked natural rubber/clay nanocomposites. Polymer Testing, 24, 211-217.
17. Mosurkal, R., Samuelson, L.A., Smith, K.D., et al. (2008). Nanocomposites of TiO2 and siloxane copolymers as environmentally safe flame retardant materials. Journal of Macromolecular Science. Part A, 45, 924–946.
18. Choi, C., Lee, E.K., Choi, S.Y. (2004). Electrical and physical characterization of Fe3O4-impregnated elastomeric composites. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 10(3), 402-408.
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20. Mammadov, S.M., Khankishiyeva, R.F., Mammadov, D.S., et al. (2016). Influence nanopowders metal oxide on the rheological and structural properties of vulcanizates. American Journal of Polymer Science, 6(3), 59-67.
21. Marković, G., Marinović-Cincović, M., Jovanović, V., et al. (2016). Chlorosulfonated rubber-based nanoblends: preparation, characterization and applications. Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials.
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23. Pyskło, L., Niciński, K., Piaskiewicz, M., et al. (2007). Synthesis of zinc oxide with nanometric particle size, its characteristics and influence on the properties of rubber compounds. Elastomery, 11, 10–19.
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