As it is known, the use of complex geological, geophysical and technological information forms the basis of the technological decisions made. The efficiency of well drilling largely depends on the quality of the information received. At the same time, obtaining and using such information requires the parallel use of modern methods of data processing and information analysis. In recent years, a large number of studies have been accumulated on the process of interaction of a rock-cutting tool with rock, which propose methods and means for determining the physical and mechanical properties and abrasiveness of rocks, and ways to use information in assessing their drillability. Experimental studies conducted on core sludge material, studies based on the analysis of geological, geophysical, technological information, as well as those based on classification methods are among them. As practice shows, the use of the results of geological and technological information (GTI) in combination with geophysical surveys of wells (GSW) allows for a deeper study of the section and thereby improves the quality of decisions made. The noted circumstance, as well as the experience of drilling wells and numerous studies indicate the need for comprehensive research based on the use of the results of geophysical and geological-technological research of wells, which also requires the use of appropriate methods of data processing and information analysis. Taking into account the above, the article considers to the analysis of information obtained during drilling, assessment of the drillability of rocks, their classification by section and thereby the preparation of better information taking into account uncertainties in decision making.

Keywords: geological and technological information; rock properties; homogeneous intervals; hardness; abrasiveness.

Date submitted: 03.05.2024     Date accepted: 20.08.2024

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Sand production is one of the most important problems in the oil and gas industry worldwide and can lead to erosion of surface and downhole equipment, accumulation of sand in wells and facilities, buckling of casing in cased-hole wells, and reduction of well productivity. The erosion of production equipment increases maintenance costs and potential equipment failure. Due to the costs associated with sand control measures and potential production losses, sand production has an impact on project profitability. Environmental concerns can arise if sand-laden produced fluids are discharged untreated, posing a risk to the environment and marine life. To mitigate sand production problems, a variety of sand management and control techniques have been developed and implemented. Over the past several years, sand management and control techniques have advanced considerably due to advances in materials science, well logging, and computational modeling. A better understanding of sand behavior, improved sand control techniques and more accurate predictive models have resulted from these advances. Current developments and strategies in sand management, control and prevention techniques are reviewed in this paper. This review consists of two parts: 1) mechanical techniques and 2) chemical treatment and sand management.

Keywords: sand production; gravel packs; pre-packed screens; expandable sand screens; insert screens; patches; chemical consolidation.

Date submitted: 03.06.2024     Date accepted: 20.09.2024

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The paper highlights the issues of the efficiency of the operation of horizontal wells with multistage hydraulic fracturing. The experience of repeated hydraulic fracturing with preliminary preparation of the trunk by hydroblasting perforation shows effectiveness in restoring well productivity. The advantage is the possibility of selective injection of acid and proppant in a certain interval, stimulation of previously not involved in the development of layers and interlayers. This approach significantly expands the scope of application of integrated technologies for the intensification of oil production, in particular, with a high level of uncertainty arising
during the development of deposits in this region. It is the introduction of relevant and advanced technologies to increase oil production rates of wells that is the source of technology development and their replication at other oil production facilities. During the retrospective analysis, the effectiveness of the work was assessed depending on various geological, physical and technological factors. It was found that the main reasons affecting the effectiveness of the operation are the orientation of the horizontal trunk along the direction of regional stress, an increase in the points of hydroblasting perforation, and the distance to the injection well. The latter, in turn, is the most important indicator in the planning of hydraulic fracturing, especially in weakly cemented carbonate reservoirs. The conducted research in the field of selecting the optimal method of influencing the target oil production facilities of the Ural-Volga region will allow subsoil users to choose the most relevant and effective way to improve the technical and economic performance of enterprises. The identified reasons, which have a significant impact on the final productivity of wells, must be taken into account when solving various tasks of improving oil production processes in long-term oil-bearing territories.

Keywords: hydraulic fracturing; hydrosandblast perforation; multi-stage hydraulic fracturing; horizontal well; formation; productivity; proppant; objects of the Ural-Volga region.

Date submitted: 05.06.2024     Date accepted: 19.09.2024

References

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Based on literature survey on formulas for calculating flow rates, the authors conclude that the problem of calculating the flow rates of horizontal wells currently remains relevant. However, the emphasis is on reproducing the geometry of streamlines in gas flow as accurately as possible and insufficient attention is paid to the influence of flow friction forces when moving along the horizontal wellbore. In order to fill the gap on influence of flow friction forces when moving along horizontal wellbore, the article presents a semi-analytical model for calculating the flow rate of horizontal open hole well. The main attention is paid to depression
drop due to flow friction along the horizontal wellbore, which significantly affects well productivity. Test calculations have been demonstrated the optimal horizontal section length is about 350 meters. The developed model allows us to give recommendations on selection of optimal length and diameter of horizontal wells for fields with known filtration and reservoir properties. The article also analyzes existing methods of flow rate calculation for horizontal wells and shows that traditional formulas lead to significant errors. Calculations and graphs demonstrate depression drop because of gas flow friction. The authors emphasize the relevance of accurate flow rate calculation for horizontal wells with designs other than an open hole and propose improved methods considering friction forces of gas flow. The developed model can be used for various geological conditions, providing accurate well productivity prediction. This research provides practical solutions for optimizing horizontal well parameters and minimizing calculation errors.

Keywords: horizontal well; flow rate; permeability; dynamic fluid viscosity; reservoir pressure.

Date submitted: 23.05.2024     Date accepted: 26.08.2024

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Based on the study of the process of restoring well productivity after drilling in the conditions of deposits in the carbonate reservoirs of the Volga-Ural oil and gas province, the need for deep differentiation of deposits within various tectonic and stratigraphic elements has been established, which allows more accurately solving development tasks and reducing the risks of making erroneous decisions. Models are proposed that make it possible to differentially assess the degree of contamination, the time of cleaning the bottom-hole zone of the formation, according to different groups of selected objects at the stage of field commissioning, as well as to predict the real productivity of wells that best reflects the real properties of the formation at the point of its opening. An algorithm is proposed for evaluating the effectiveness of primary and secondary reservoir opening and impact on the bottom-hole zone during well development in a differentiated manner according to various groups of objects identified on the basis of deep identification of objects. The obtained results make it possible, in conditions of a limited volume of hydrodynamic and field studies, to form a relevant strategy related to increasing the efficiency of the selection of residual oil reserves. The role of the differentiated approach in this case is significant and relevant in connection with the need to develop multi-layered and complex deposits, the development of which is carried out for quite a long time. With the help of the obtained models, it is possible to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of measures for the treatment of the bottom-hole zone of the formation, in particular, hydrochloric acid exposure. The relevance of their use in this case is not regulated by the geological and physical characteristics of productive formations, which expands the range of tasks solved using methods of geological and statistical modeling and pattern recognition.

Keywords: well productivity; time for cleaning the bottom-hole formation zone; computer modeling; well development using hydrochloric acid treatments; deep identification of deposits.

Date submitted: 05.06.2024     Date accepted: 19.09.2024

References

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Along with the existing technologies, such as high-pressure air injection, supercritical carbon dioxide injection, and in-situ conversion technology, aimed at developing kerogen-containing reservoirs, e.g., the Bazhenov formation, the super- or subcritical water injection method is considered in the scientific literature. The efficiency of Bazhenov formation development is directly impacted by a number of technogenic in-situ processes, which must be considered in the numerical simulation of the above-mentioned technologies to fully substantiate the optimal scenario of a treatment approach. However, the consideration of in-situ processes in reservoir simulation depends not only on the process itself but also on its contribution to recovery efficiency. Through numerical simulation of two technologies for the Bazhenov formation development – the cyclic subcritical water injection and the cyclic subcritical water with supercritical carbon dioxide injection – the effects of various technogenic processes (such as the thermal conversion of kerogen, the thermal desorption of hydrocarbons, the self-fracking process, the matrix permeability change, the hysteresis of phase relative permeabilities, the wettability change, the clay swelling, and the migration of clay particles) on the cumulative oil production were evaluated in this work. In the course of this study, the aforementioned technogenic processes were arranged in the order of increasing impact on the cumulative oil production. Furthermore, it was shown that the negative effects of the clay swelling and migration can be mitigated due to geochemical processes by adding carbon dioxide to subcritical water.

Keywords: Bazhenov formation; supercritical water injection; supercritical carbon dioxide injection; reservoir simulation.

Date submitted: 11.05.2024     Date accepted: 23.08.2024

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The article addresses the issue of identifying relative phase permeabilities, taking into account the variation of parameters characterizing the environment and fluid during the development of a multi-layered formation, depending on the drop in reservoir pressure. The algorithm was implemented using software based on the gradient method of optimal control theory, and the dynamics of output indicators were analyzed across a wide range of adjustable parameters. Additionally, an efficient methodology was developed to refine the relative permeability function based on phase saturation, during which the hydrodynamic model was calibrated to match actual well data. In a specific field case, the potential and evaluation of converting several oil wells into water injection wells, thereby increasing the overall oil production of the field, was demonstrated. To accomplish this, the hydrodynamic problem for two-phase flow was replaced with a three-phase flow problem. The task of forecasting oil recovery based on the identified relative phase permeabilities was solved using the Nexus Black Oil simulation software package. The practical research conducted involved analyzing a specific field. The solution was executed using a specialized software algorithm. The computer modeling of the fluid filtration process during field development allows for the analysis of performance dynamics across extensive variations. The experimental functional dependencies, which characterize the variation of the physical parameters of the formation and fluid with respect to pressure, are based on data presented in the reference literature.

Keywords: fluid; reservoir; deformable porous medium; multi-layer deposit; pressure; hydrodynamic model adaptation; history matching.

Date submitted: 05.06.2024     Date accepted: 27.08.2024

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The article discusses the main aspects of carrying out repair and insulation work to isolate the influx of formation water in wells with a subhorizontal borehole termination equipped with filters. To improve the technology for carrying out waterproofing work, requirements have been formed for compositions for carrying out repair and insulation work in wells with a subhorizontal borehole termination equipped with filters. Research methods are based on the analysis and generalization of field data on the problems being studied, as well as on the results of our own analytical and theoretical studies using the results of laboratory research and mathematical apparatus using modern hardware and software. The results of studies that allow us to establish the factors that determine the quality (success) of waterproofing work in wells are presented. It has been established that the basic direction for improving technical and technological solutions for waterproofing work is the technical and economic assessment of technological processes, and a procedure for a generalized determination of the effectiveness of the process of repair and insulation work has been proposed. The necessary data for assessing the compliance of the insulating material with the specific conditions for carrying out repair and insulation work and the problems solved when isolating the influx of formation water in gas wells with a subhorizontal termination of the wellbore are substantiated. A method for interval isolation of the influx of formation water in wells by installing impenetrable and reliable insulating screens in the wellbore is proposed.

Keywords: well; isolation; formation water; subhorizontal borehole.

Date submitted: 11.05.2024     Date accepted: 23.08.2024

References

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24. Suleimanov, B. A., Ismailov, F. S., Veliyev, E. F. (2014). On the metal nanoparticles effect on the strength of polymer gels based on carboxymethyl cellulose, applying at oil recovery. Oil Industry, 1, 86-88.

Guar-based fracturing fluids and synthetic polymers based on polyacrylamide, along with water and friction reducers, are commonly used in the oil and gas industry. One of the most important issues of hydraulic fracturing application is to study the mechanisms of contamination of the created fracture with fracture gels and to build models of polymer filtration into the rock. Known models of gel filtration in porous media describe it linearly with respect to t0.5 at late times, but not adequately during for early times. The generalized Carter model presented here enables accurate description of gel filtration both at early and late times and for linear and cross-linked gels. This paper presents a generalization of the Carter model for filtering hydraulic fracturing fluid in core samples. It considers the nonlinear relationship between the thickness of the filter cakes formed and the volume of pumped fluid. To validate the model, a series of experiments were conducted and interpreted. According to the study conducted, the appropriate degree of time is approximately 0.31 with a guar concentration of 3 kg/m3, and at a guar concentration of 3.6 kg/m3 in the range of 0.245 to 0.305. The experiments employed natural core samples, formation fluids, and process fluids that are commonly utilized in hydraulic fracturing under thermobaric conditions of productive sediments in the Priobskoye oilfield of Rosneft.

Keywords: fracturing fluid filtration; hydraulic fracturing; leak off coefficient; cross-linked gel; linear gel; Carter equation.

Date submitted: 03.06.2024     Date accepted: 17.09.2024

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The polynomial solutions known in the theory of elasticity for the problem of stress-strain state of a rectangular strip are generalized to the case of a wedge-shaped strip with simultaneous application of normal and tangential loads distributed uniformly along the edges, and external concentrated forces applied to the wedge top. To solve the problem based on application of the initial functions method using a decomposition approach, calculation formulas for displacements and stresses in polar coordinates are obtained. The problem solution obtained by the operational method using the one-sided Laplace transform depends on uncertain coefficients of the corresponding homogeneous differential equation’s general solution expansion in terms of linearly independent solutions determined by the roots of the characteristic equation. For each of the problems under consideration, a method is indicated for identifying these uncertain coefficients in the presence of a load along the wedge edges, both in the presence and absence of an external force applied to the top. In the case of a problem with a load along the edges and an external force applied to the wedge top with unsupported and reinforced ribs, the general algorithm for solving the problem and the calculation formulas with well-defined constant coefficients for displacements and stresses are obtained. Based on the calculated values of displacements, stresses and strains, stress-strain diagrams were constructed and, in the case of a plane stress state that occurs in the absence of an external force, a comparison was made with the known theoretical linear dependences of stresses on strains.

Keywords: packering; jaw teeth; plane stress state; symmetrically directed load; concentrated tensile force; elementary solution; stress-strain state; initial functions method; one-sided Laplace transform; decomposition approach; operational calculus; stress-strain diagram; inhomogeneous differential equation.

Date submitted: 27.05.2024     Date accepted: 16.09.2024

References

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Dicyclopentadiene (tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]-deca-3,8-diene) is one of the most important products of petrochemical and organic synthesis and is widely used in various fields of industrial activity. At normal room temperature, it is a clear, light yellow liquid with a pungent odor and a high energy density of 10975 W ∙ h/L. Dicyclopentadiene is produced by steam cracking naphtha and gas oil to ethylene. The C5 fraction of liquid pyrolysis products formed as a by-product of ethylene-propylene production is a key raw material for its production. At the same time, dicyclopentadiene is a key compound in the processes of producing fuel hydrocarbons. By the hydrogenation reaction of dicyclopentadiene, the endo-isomer of tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene is formed, which is subsequently converted into the exo-isomer or adamantane by a catalytic isomerization reaction, the former being JR-10 jet fuel, and the latter being a valuable component for jet fuels. The presented work shows the research carried out in this direction, and also shows the results in the field of application of dicyclopentadiene in the synthesis of fuel hydrocarbons. The purpose of the work is to conduct research in the field of obtaining a saturated analogue of dicyclopentadiene - tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene by hydrogenation in the presence of a nickel-containing catalyst Ni/Cr₂O₃. The use of the latter makes it possible to replace the use of expensive platinum and palladium catalysts and carry out the process using cheaper and more accessible nickel catalysts. The process was carried out in an autoclave in the temperature range 120-140 °C, pressure 5-20 atm. and a reaction duration of 4-8 hours. Optimal reaction conditions were determined under which a high yield of the target product was observed.

Keywords: dicyclopentadiene; fuel hydrocarbons; rocket and jet fuel; tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene; hydrogenation; isomerization.

Date submitted: 17.04.2024     Date accepted: 01.07.2024

References

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3. Al-Khodaier, M. (2016). Auto-ignition and anti-knock evaluation of dicyclopentadiene-PRF and TPRF blends. SAE Powertrains, Fuels and Lubricants Digital Summit, 2(1), 1160-1164.
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8. Shark, S., Zaseck, Ch., Pourpoint, P., et al. (2013). Performance of dicyclopentadiene (DCPD)/gaseous oxygen based hybrid rocket propellants with pyrophoric fuel additives. In: 49-th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference.
9. Alrefaai, M., Guerrero, G., Abhijeet, R., et al. (2018). Impact of dicyclopentadiene addition to diesel on cetane number, sooting propensity, and soot characteristics. Fuel, 216(3), 110-120.
10. Azeem, Kh., Syed, A., Venkata, Ch., et al. (2021). Catalytic conversion of dicyclopentadiene into high energy density fuel: a brief review. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 60(5), 1977-1988.
11. Wang, W., Chen, J-G., Song, L-P., et al. (2013). One-step, continuous-flow, highly catalytic hydrogenation–isomerization of dicyclopentadiene to exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene over ni-supported catalysts for the production of high-energy-density fuel. Energy Fuels, 27(11), 6339-6347.
12. Gao, X., Zhang, H., Guan, J., et al. (2021). Pomegranate-like core–shell Ni-NSs@MSNSs as a high activity, good stability, rapid magnetic separation, and multiple recyclability nanocatalyst for DCPD hydrogenation. ACS Omega, 6(17), 11570-11584.
13. Nizamuddin, Kh., Abhyankar, A. G., Nandi, et al. (2019). Nickel nanocatalyst supported single-step hydroconversion of dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) into high energy-density fuel, exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (Exo-THDCPD). Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 19(12), 7982-7992.
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A rheological model of a biviscous fluid is proposed, describing laminar and turbulent flows of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids in round cylindrical pipes. For low shear rates, common rheological models (Newton, Bingham, Ostwald, Herschel – Bulkley, Shulman – Casson, etc.) are used, and for high rates, a generalization of the L. Prandtl model is used. Taking into account the averaged flow characteristics, a model of turbulent flow and velocity distribution equations in round pipes are constructed. The model ensures the continuity of the dependence of hydraulic resistance on the fluid flow rate and expands the possibilities of its application in applied problems of hydromechanics. It is proposed to use capillary viscometry data for laminar and turbulent flow to provide information support for the rheological model. Using the principle of maximum likelihood function, the procedure for processing viscometry data for estimating the parameters of the biviscous rheological model is considered. Using the example of Herschel – Bulkley and Shulman – Casson fluids, the characteristics of flows in laminar and turbulent flow are given. Using known empirical formulas for determining the coefficient of hydraulic resistance in turbulent flow of Newton, Bingham, Ostwald, Herschel-Bulkley fluids, the possibility of using the proposed model is assessed. A comparison of the coefficient of hydraulic resistance using numerical 3D modeling and the equation of the biviscous model in turbulent flow of Ostwald fluid is given.

Keywords: bi-viscous fluid; round pipes; calculation of hydraulic resistance; rheological model; turbulent flow.

Date submitted: 10.05.2024     Date accepted: 14.08.2024

References

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Rational use of petroleum products and environmental protection are considered problems of our time, the main solution to which is the eco-friendly way of extracting unwanted aromatic compounds from petroleum products and, in turn, their effective use in various fields. Ionic liquids, due to their unique complex properties, play a key role in the creation of clean technologies for refining petroleum products. The presented article gives the results of studies on the purification of transformer oil distillate T-1500 containing 24% mass of aromatic compounds in order to obtain a dearomatized product - raw material for the synthesis of synthetic naphthenic acids. The process of extracting aromatic hydrocarbons was carried out by the extraction method using ionic liquid - N-methylpyrrolidonium acetate - as an environmentally friendly solvent at a temperature of 60 °C and an extraction time of 1 hour, either in one stage with a ratio of oil distillate to ionic liquid equal to 1: 1÷3, so and stage by stage using equal amounts of extractant and distillate at each stage. The effectiveness of stage-by-stage ionic-liquid extraction purification of transformer oil and the possibility of obtaining dearomatized distillate with a degree of 87.5% mass and a yield of 70.15% mass of the target product during three-stage purification have been established. UV spectral analysis of the dearomatized oil in comparison with the original distillate showed a decrease in the content of benzene and phenanthrene derivatives by 7.4 and 12.3 times, respectively, and the complete removal of tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Keywords: Ionic liquid; T-1500 transformer oil; aromatic hydrocarbons; purification by extraction method.

Date submitted: 14.03.2024     Date accepted: 02.07.2024

References

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In the paper we study the fractional maximal commutators Mb,α and the commutators of the fractional maximal operator [b, Mα] in the Lorentz spaces Lp,r (Rn). The study of maximal operators is one of the most important topics in harmonic analysis. These significant non-linear operators, whose behavior are very informative in particular in differentiation theory, provided the understanding and the inspiration for the development of the general class of singular and potential operators. The commutator estimates play an important role in studying the regularity of solutions of elliptic, parabolic and ultraparabolic partial differential equations of second order, and their boundedness can be used to characterize certain function spaces. Our main aim is to characterize the commutator functions b, involved in the boundedness on Lorentz spaces of the fractional maximal commutator Mb,α and the commutator of the fractional maximal operator [b, Mα]. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the boundedness of the operators Mb,α and [b, Mα] on Lorentz
spaces Lp,r (Rn) when b belongs to BMO (Rn) spaces, whereby some new characterizations for certain subclasses of BMO (Rn) spaces are obtained. We can apply this boundedness of fractional-maximal commutators in Lorentz spaces to study the regularity in Lorentz spaces of of the Navier-Stokes equations. Solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations are used in many practical applications. However, theoretical understanding of the solutions to these equations is incomplete. In particular, solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations often include turbulence, which remains one of the greatest unsolved problems in physics, despite its immense importance in science and engineering.

Keywords: Lorentz space; fractional maximal operator; commutator; space.

Date submitted: 17.04..2024     Date accepted: 01.07.2024

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In this work, we have performed electronic structure and optical investigations for pure and neodymium-doped As₂S₃ compound using both the experimental and first-principles calculation approaches. Photoluminescence studies were carried out in the infrared (600-1350 nm) region at room temperature. It was found that the observed maxima in the PL spectrum for pure compound are due to donor-acceptor recombination and transitions from the Fermi level to the valence band. Photoluminescence of neodymium-doped As2S3 crystal was studied by us for the first time. Due to the transfer of photon energy, a sharp increase in intensity was observed in the intraatomic transition of neodymium ⁴F_3/2 - 4I₁₁. The electronic and optical properties were studied by density functional theory (DFT). The origin of the energy bands was clarified by density of state and the nature of the fundamental absorption edge was analyzed it was established that the crystal has a band gap of indirect type with Eg = 2.18 eV for GGA -SG15 (1.65 eV FHI-GGA, 182 eV HGH‑GGA). The dielectric function (real part ε1(ω) and imaginary part ε2(ω)) and absorption coefficient α(ω) were calculated for pure and Nd-doped As₂S₃ and compared with experimental data. The calculated absorption spectrum imply that Nd doping causes a red-shift of absorption peaks. The results of this work allow us to say the possibility of using this compound as optical amplification and lasing.

Keywords: Photoluminescence; optical transition; dielectric function; absorption.

Date submitted: 12.06.2024     Date accepted: 14.08.2024

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