The successful production of unconventional reservoirs through hydraulic fracturing is heavily dependent on the brittleness of the shale's. To precisely evaluate rock brittleness the mineral-based brittleness indices are considered reliable. Initially, only the weight fraction of quartz accounted for mineralogical brittleness, later dolomite was included in the group, further, it was divided into the silicate and carbonate groups. Due to its heterogeneous nature, shales contain some other minerals, however, the impact of these minerals on rock brittleness has yet to be analyzed. The mineral pyrite is commonly found in shales but its impact on rock brittleness is still undefined. In this research, we proposed a modified mineral-based brittleness index including mineral pyrite, and investigated its impact on rock brittleness. The modified index was evaluated using the data from three different shale reservoirs in China. In the next step, the Fracability Index (FI) model of rocks including pyrite mineral is calculated, and finally, the rock physics modeling is performed to evaluate the elastic response of the rock to this mineral. The modified brittleness index was found to be more accurate in predicting rock brittleness than other mineral-based brittleness indices. The correlation between the modified brittleness index and the FI model was higher than the correlation with other mineral-based brittleness indices. Further, rock physics modeling also proved that the rock with high pyrite content has low Poisson's ratio and high Young's modulus.. These properties are associated with brittle rocks, which further supports the inclusion of pyrite as a brittle mineral in the modified brittleness index. Hence, the findings of this research indicate that the modified brittleness index based on minerals is a reliable approach for predicting rock brittleness in shale reservoirs that contain pyrite. This study has an important application for the development and management of shale reservoirs. The modified brittleness index can be used to identify rocks that are more likely to be successfully fractured during hydraulic fracking process.

Keywords: shale reservoirs; hydraulic fracturing; mineral brittleness; fracability index.

References

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The article establishes the role and importance of the tectonic-stratigraphic factor in the formation of the structural features of hydrocarbon deposits in the Volga-Ural oil and gas province. It has been established that the type of reservoir, tectonic and stratigraphic confinement of the objects of study determine the geological and physical features of the deposits by more than two thirds and are the basis for the identification of objects at a qualitative level. An algorithm is proposed for selecting analogous objects at a qualitative level for deposits emerging from exploration in the absence of representative data on the geological, physical and physico-chemical properties of formations and fluids based on its belonging to a stratigraphic system, tier, horizon, tectonic element.

Keywords: tectonics; stratigraphy; analog objects; identification; image recognition.

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The oil and gas industry plays an important role in Azerbaijan's economy, contributing significantly to GDP and government revenues. However, the existing classification of hydrocarbon reserves and resources is outdated and does not reflect the economic efficiency of extraction. In this regard, the United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC) helps to determine the feasibility, technical viability, and maturity of resource development projects. This paper examines the assessment of hydrocarbon resource categories by comparing the current classification system for oil and gas reserves and resources in Azerbaijan with the UNFC. The objective of this work is to conduct a comparative analysis of prospective resource categories and thus provide a basis for the preparation of a bridge document describing the relationship between the United Nations Framework Classification and the existing 1984 classification used in Azerbaijan. To conduct this research, a hypothetical field called «Structure C» was used in which resource assessments were conducted at various times in 1984, 1988, 1993, 2001, and 2011 based on the 1984 classification of the former Soviet Union.

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Wear rates of impregnated diamond core bits made from two composite diamond-containing materials (CDM) are studied by spark plasma sintering (SPS) in the temperature range 20–1350 ºC at a pressure of 30 MPa for 3 minutes while drilling granite. The addition of chromium diboride (CrB2) micropowder in an amount equal to 2% of the composition of CDM 25Cdiam–70.5WC–4.5Co leads to a twofold decrease in the wear rate. The wear resistance of crowns made from CDM 25Cdiam–70.5WC–4.5Co and 25Cdiam–68.62WC–4.38Co‒2CrB2 is maximized at a rotary speed of 250 rpm and an axial load of 900 kg, and minimized at 750 rpm and 1250 kg. The increase in wear resistance of the 25Cdiam–68.62WC–4.38Co‒2CrB2 crown is due to the refinement of the grains of the main wolfram carbide (WC) phase and the formation of strong adhesion of the diamond grains to the carbide matrix.

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This paper aims to design a profile for a directional and production-appraisal well, specifically Well No. 707 in the West Cheleken field, situated in the Caspian Sea coastal water area. In the context of rapid changes in the energy sector, this study holds significance, offering economic benefits and contributing significantly to the energy security of the region and the global energy market. The main objective of this study is to optimise directional drilling for exploration wells in the Caspian Sea area of Turkmenistan, specifically focusing on improving efficiency and reducing environmental impact. To achieve this research objective, the author proposes designing a profile for a directional and production-appraisal well, utilising materials from geophysical surveys of previously drilled wells. This approach aims to avoid accidents and complications during the drilling process. Both the Close Approach software and safety regulations in the oil and gas production industry are employed to prevent collisions of wellbores. In conclusion, this research contributes innovative solutions to optimise directional drilling processes for exploration wells. It addresses potential complications in open wells and, importantly, mitigates the risk of wellbore collisions.

Keywords: wellbore collision; complication; stabilization; accident; Apsheron; Akchagil; curvature; displacement.

References

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This article describes the studies carried out to determine the impact of all available laboratory measured oil-water relative permeability data upon the predicted waterflood performance of the Chirag field of the GCA megastructure. Sector and cross-section models were built of the A-6, A-11 and A-13 area using appraisal well GCA-1 core data. A-6 is the first well in Chirag field to have cut water and is the best candidate well for calibrating the laboratory relative permeability data. Simulations using various wateroil relative permeability curves predicted a wide range of water breakthrough times for A-6 and A-11. It was not possible to obtain a good history match of A-6 water production from core relative permeability curves. Grid size sensitivities were studied using a cross-section model. The results show that optimisation of grid size gives an improved match to the actual field history. Static reservoir parameters and aquifer size were also found to have a major impact on the waterflood performance and by adjusting certain key parameters a good history match to the historic A-6 performance could be achieved with the optimised grid.

Keywords: Chirag; relative permeability; simulation sensitivity; cross-section model; reservoir description; grid-size; water breakthrough time; history matching.

References

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This paper proposes a predictive model to help oil workers build a reliable model for identifying oilwell failures. It can help geologists experienced with Machine Learning to improve the accuracy of failure identification and a more accurate approach to well-maintenance planning. This study is based on output data statistics such as per-well daily oil flowmeter readings. The volatility of these indications makes it possible to determine the probability of an oilwell failure. This method makes it possible to rank wells according to the principle of the most probable failures for workers making decisions. The use of predictive diagnostics can help to detect equipment problems early, thereby minimizing unplanned downtime. Unplanned sudden oilwell failures increase the company’s operating costs, as well as increase risks of environmental pollution.

Keywords: machine learning; classification algorithms; oil and gas; prediction algorithms; decision-making.

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The scientific article highlights the results of theoretical and laboratory studies of a complex of compositions and technologies for controlling the inflow of fluids developed for geological and field conditions of terrigenous productive strata of deposits in Western Siberia. The results of experimental and industrial work on the introduction of technological compositions for controlling hydrodynamic flows in the oil fields of the Kogalym region are presented.

Keywords: oil; waterlogging; oil recovery; flow-deflecting technologies; chemical reagents; oil displacement; increased reservoir coverage.

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The article presents the results of field experimental studies of wellhead and bottomhole pressure fluctuations at different operating modes of gas-liquid lift. As a result of the research, it was found that at the optimal operating mode of gas lift well there is minimum amplitude and maximum frequency of wellhead and bottomhole pressure fluctuations, which agrees well with the results of previously, conducted theoretical and experimental laboratory studies. It is shown that the increase in the amplitude and decrease in the frequency of wellhead and bottomhole pressure fluctuations is observed when gas injection deviates from the optimal one, both in the direction of increasing and decreasing gas injection. The possibility of assessing the optimal operating mode of gas-lift and flowing wells on the basis of analyzing the fluctuations of technological parameters during normal operation without special testing operations has been established. A methodology for assessing the efficiency of gas-lift and flowing wells operation mode based on the application of various methods of time series analysis was created.

Keywords: gas lift well; gas-liquid flow; optimal rate; wellhead pressure; fluctuation.

References

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In the presented work, a comprehensive analysis of geological and commercial data on three low-yielding deposits associated with the East Orenburg arch was carried out. Based on the use of the methodology for calculating statistical values of the truncated normal distribution, a formula is proposed adapted for unproductive facilities, the drainage of which is carried out using special technologies and equipment (short-term periodic operation mode) and (or) in a classical way with an unstable supply coefficient of deep-pumping equipment. Based on the comparison of the obtained intermediate and main research results, the regularities of geological, technological and operational characters have been established, which significantly improve the efficiency of planning and conducting various geological and technical measures. The general trend of similarity in quantitative and qualitative ratio is highlighted, which allows us to use this to solve specific problems of effective development of low-productive deposits of carbonate reservoirs.

Keywords: mechanized well stock; geological and statistical models; mathematical modeling; deep pumping equipment; oil recovery coefficient; hydrodynamics of reservoir processes.

References

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Considering the complexity of mixtures formed within extensive and intricate pipeline networks, determining the viscosity of mixtures through a computational method that utilizes parameters conducive to additivity is advantageous. These parameters may include the density and component composition, as well as corresponding derivatives, such as the content of paraffins, resins, asphaltenes, and fractional composition. This study explored the relationship between the viscosity and these parameters. A linear regression model for estimating the logarithm of the viscosity was developed, where significant regression coefficients were identified, and the prediction error was assessed through cross-validation. A similar approach was adopted for the second-order regression analysis. This analysis incorporated linear regression including parameters pertaining to the fractional composition. Formulas for calculating the viscosity based on the identified properties were derived and the respective errors were evaluated.

Keywords: oil; viscosity; Arrhenius formula; cross-validation; paraffin; resins; asphaltenes; database.

References

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The huge losses of oil in the subsurface necessitated the search for ways to extract residual oil, which led to the idea of combined use of the practice of mining and oil production. This involves drilling two vertical wellbores in the side rocks on the lying side of the oil reservoir, which are connected by two inter-hole joints. From the upper joint, a full series of wells pass along the entire strike of the formation at a certain interval with depth into the formation, into which steam supply pipes are placed with plugged ends at the bottom of the wells and lateral dispersed holes along their entire length. At the wellhead, these pipes are connected to individual high-pressure pulsating electric steam generators, and the wells themselves at the wellhead and the steam supply pipes are plugged. The electric steam generators are operated in line with a preset program. The most labor-intensive and costly in the idea of combined use of mining and oil production technologies is the sinking of vertical mine shafts, which requires new solutions in mine development technologies. In this regard, it is planned to reduce the cost of mining operations with the purpose of their use in oil production by means of non-explosive continuous mechanical-hydraulic pulse breaking of rocks of any strength and abrasiveness.

Keywords: hydraulic pulse breaking of rocks; residual oil recovery technology; minimum diameter shaft sinking; two-jaw grab.

References

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Hysteresis behaviour, during filtration, is caused by lithological differences in geo-fluid-dynamical media, geological-physical characteristics, and properties of saturating fluids. Typically, irreversible changes are caused by excessive external loads on the investigated porous media. The proposed solutions are part of a new concept of unsteady water flooding, which allows for early prediction of water breakthrough into production wells. This text discusses the negative impact of hysteresis phenomena on oil recovery and proposes a solution. To solve this task, control parameters, based on growth models and catastrophe theory, are selected so to predict local instability and irreversibility before the bifurcation moment., Herewith it is necessary to develop technologies, which can prevent irreversible changes in permeability, capillary retention of oil, oil degassing, and to consider the unstable behavior of the displacement front. Systemic optimization of oil field development aims to increase oil production, effectively mobilize, save injected and recovered water and gas.

Keywords: hysteresis; instability; irreversible changes in permeability and porosity; phase transition; capillary forces; oil recovery.

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34. Vishnyakov, V. V., Suleimanov, B. A., Salmanov, A. V., Zeynalov, E. B. (2019). Primer on enhanced oil recovery. Gulf Professional Publishing.
35. Suleimanov, B. A., Latifov, Ya. A., Ibragimov, Kh. M., Guseinova, N. I. (2017). Field testing results of enhanced oil recovery technologies using thermoactive polymer compositions. SOCAR Proceedings, 3, 17-31.
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37. Suleimanov, B. A., Abbasov, H. F. (2022). Enhanced oil recovery mechanism with nanofluid injection. SOCAR Proceedings, 3, 28-37.
38. Suleimanov, B. A., Dyshin, O. A., Veliyev, E. F. (2016). Compressive strength of polymer nanogels used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). SPE-181960-MS. In: SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference and Exhibition, Moscow, Russia.
39. Suleimanov, B. A., Abbasov, H. F. (2016). Effect of copper nanoparticle aggregation on the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 90(2), 420–428.

The article examines the technical and economic aspects of well killing under conditions of abnormal low reservoir pressure (ALRP). The possibility of joint use of compositions for temporary blocking of a productive formation, having different functional abilities to plug fluid-conducting channels, has been studied. Requirements for blocking fluids (BF) for killing during repair works in wells with excess ALRP have been formulated. The results of research and technical solutions in the field of development of viscoelastic systems for temporary blocking of productive formations in wells in conditions above the ALRP are presented. The results of laboratory and bench studies on the development of a gel-forming destructuring polymer-based biosol and fillers are presented. The advantage of using a destructurable biological fluid for temporary blocking of a productive formation in conditions above the maximum pressure limit using chemical reagents belonging to the following groups: polymers, salts, surfactants, acids, alkalis and fillers has been analyzed. The results of determining the mechanical properties of the resulting BF gel are presented. A gel-forming composition has been proposed that has high blocking properties and an optimal formulation of an alkaline destructor that ensures the destruction of the gel based on gammaxan. Formulations of viscoelastic destructurable fluids for killing wells in conditions exceeding the ALRP have been recommended for practical use.

Keywords: well; bottomhole formation zone; blocking; blocking fluids; viscoelastic compositions; destructuring; ALRP.

References

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The subject of discussion of the article below is polymer flooding as an EOR (enhanced oil recovery) technique considered here within the context of Kazakhstan’s depleted oil-fields exploitation. The underlying factor for considerable residual hydrocarbon saturation observed in the productive reservoirs of the majority of Kazakhstan’s oil fields connected with their stratified heterogeneous structures. Such kind of Oil Reservoirs require additional developments comprising new technologies promoting enhanced oil-recovery.

Keywords: viscosity; inhomogeneity; polymer flooding; polyacrylamide; degree of inhomogeneity; permeability; catholyte; trim.

References

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Natural oil and gas deposits in most fields include some fluid contacts, such as oil–water, gas–water, or gas–oil. Monitoring the position of the gas–water contact in underground gas storage (UGS) facilities is crucial for monitoring the safety of the subsurface environment. As UGS facilities are geological features of long-term operation, the condition of these features must be regularly monitored for possible gas leaks due to various reasons, whether geological or technical. Periodic surveys of production wells using geophysical methods make it possible to timely detect the reasons for abnormal technical conditions and higher-than-normal water cuts of reservoirs, and to assess shifts in gas–water contact. The suite of production logging methods for surveying and monitoring underground gas storage facilities includes nuclear logging with the use of steady radiation sources (i.e., gamma ray logging and neutron logging). Analysis and interpretation of these methods make it possible to track the shift over time of the gas–water contact in gas-saturated sandstones with an interparticle porosity of >15%. Data from nuclear logging, temperature logs, and composition-based and flow-based surveying are processed and interpreted with the use of known methods and diagnostic indicators to achieve the following goals: to determine the intervals of inter-reservoir and behind-the-casing fluid movement on the base of the well log, to assess the technical condition of the wellbore, to monitor the position of the gas–water contact in the reservoir, to assess the gas saturation of the reservoir, and to monitor the thickness and integrity of the clay caprocks of UGS facilities [1]. This paper discusses the results of automated processing and interpretation of well data recorded during the survey of an UGS facility to determine the current position of the gas–water contact in the reservoir and the gas–water interface in the well. Quantitative interpretation of the neutron logging data with the use of steady radiation sources was performed, and the current gas saturation factor was estimated.

Keywords: gas–water contact (GWC); gas saturation; underground gas storage; processing algorithm; gas–water interface (GWI).

References

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Fastening of hydrotechnical oil-gas mining facilities to seabed soils in Caspian Sea aquatoriums is usually carried out by pile foundations. Sustainability of strength and stability during the design and construction of hydraulic structures requires to solve a number of theoretical and practical problems. Numerous static and dynamic tests (experiments) were carried out in the Caspian Sea aquatorium and in laboratory conditions to solve these issues. The widespread use of pile foundations in the development of offshore oil and gas fields revealed the inconsistency of the domestic scientific methodological and regulatory framework for calculating their load-bearing capacity over the soil. It is established that the wave strikes, acting on pile foundations, interact with the surface design of offshore structures and offshore ground bases. Sea wave banging pile foundations creates vibrations in the pile foundation - topsides offshore structures and moving piles in subgrade. Displacement piles depend on the strength of the reaction between the structure and subgrade, the intensity of the shock wave in the time that passed through piles for offshore soil. At the same time, it takes into account the rheological properties of composite models of shelf soil.

Keywords: shelf; stress; ground; pile foundations; wave; marine structures; soil resistance.

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The present study focuses on grade 13KhFА steel alloyed with chromium and vanadium for the production of seamless pipes. The pipes were subjected to heat treatment throughout their body and along their entire length. They were fed individually into the furnace, end-to-end, consecutively. The heat treatment furnace was fueled by natural gas. Cooling of the pipes from the quenching temperature was achieved using water in a jet cooling multi-hole device (sprayer). This was followed by high self-tempering due to the heat retained after exiting the quenching furnace. Following quenching and high tempering, the structure of the 13KhFА steel on the surface of the pipe consisted of a mixture of ferrite and carbides with a granular carbide morphology (tempered sorbite). This structure enhances the corrosion resistance of the steel and provides an optimal combination of strength and toughness. The hardening temperature for seamless pipes made of 13KhFА steel was set within the range of 915–920 °C, while the tempering temperature was maintained at 720–730 °C. This careful selection of quenching and tempering temperatures within the specified limits makes it possible to obtain an improved structure of the 13KhFА steel.

Keywords: pipe steel; thermal hardening; economically alloyed steel; regulatory standards; corrosion resistance.

References

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The paper proposes an innovative approach to forecasting based on the results of electromagnetic flaw detection to determine maximum pipe thickness losses over 10-m intervals of the immersion depth of the lower part of a pipe into a well. The main model uses rank transformation applied to a fuzzy regression model with fuzzy input variables and fuzzy output. The input variables include the main parameters of the reservoir in the well (temperature, density, and dynamic viscosity of the hydrocarbon mixture), while the output variable is the maximum loss of pipe thickness in the above–mentioned immersion intervals of the lower part of the pipe. The error of the output forecasts is determined using a numerical procedure to estimate the difference between fuzzy numbers. The forecasting is performed using a sliding method that combines rank fuzzy regression with clear nonlinear regression until the prediction error reaches the specified threshold value. The use of fuzzy regression with fuzzy input and output makes it possible to assess the impact of reservoir parameters on the condition of pipes and the potential for emissions and critical situations.

Keywords: Fuzzy LR-type numbers; rank transformation; fuzzy regression; electromagnetic flaw detection; fuzzy outliers; sliding prediction; membership function; pipe thickness loss.

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Currently, in the Republic of Uzbekistan, unlike the economies of a number of border countries, such as Tajikistan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the oil and gas industry, which includes enterprises engaged in the production of hydrocarbons, their processing at various levels, supply and sale to consumers, is one of the leading sectors of the country’s economy. To support the oil and gas industry in organizing the extraction and production of goods with high added value, it is necessary to create long trade and production chains for advanced processing of raw materials, the formation of large production associations that make it possible to benefit from economies of scale in production. In this article, the contribution of the oil and gas complex industry to the country's economy, the areas of activity are considered on the example of the joint-stock company «Uzbekneftgaz», which is the leader in the field. The position of society in the market and the existing risks in financial and economic activity are considered on the basis of SWOT analysis. We conducted a small analysis of the current situation in the oil and gas market, assessed the activities of one of the leading national companies in the region and the indicators of its development. In our opinion, this analysis allows us to see the development and improvement of companies from a development point of view.

Keywords: environmental; SWOT analysis; liquidity; investments; net profit; expenses; rating agencies; hydrocarbon reserves.

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