Drill string (DS) is equipped with drill string vibration measurement and control systems (DSVMCS) in order to protect DS from axial vibrations. The reliability of DSVMCS electronic sensor components, as well as metrological reliability, is highly dependent on extreme loads and external conditions. A novel DSVMCS is introduced, featuring the use of alternative resources for recording vibration information using a hydro-mechanical sensor (HMS). Apart from HMS, DSVMCS does not require new borehole equipment. HMS operation principle is based on redistributing part of the flow into HMS which affects the flow rate and/or RPM. These indicators can be recorded, transmitted and analyzed by DSVMCS, which is used to take DS out of vibration mode. The aim of this study is to research HMS dynamic stability and performance. HMS mathematical and simulation movement models were developed. HMS dynamic stability is investigated using the Lyapunov and Nyquist stability criterion. Dynamic system transient characteristics were constructed; frequency analysis with the construction of Bode diagrams was carried out. Dynamic characteristics are improved by investigating the influence of a correction device and PID controller. When using the correction device, the transient process is completed in 0.8 s with continuous vibrations not exceeding ±5% of the steady-state amplitude value of 2×10^-7 m. When using PID controller, the transient process is completed in 0.25 s with no residual vibrations. 

Keywords: drill string; drilling; vibrations; sensor; dynamic stability; measurement system.

Date submitted: 14.04.2025     Date accepted: 17.07.2025     Date published: 22.07.2025

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Drilling fluids play a crucial role in well construction. To improve their properties, various chemical additives are introduced into drilling fluids to regulate the drilling process based on the geological and geotechnical conditions of the wellbore, while also minimizing negative impacts on the atmosphere, soil, and groundwater. These additives may include chemical reagents, industrial process by-products, and other materials. Experience shows that the use of plant-based chemical reagents is gaining increasing attention, as their application in drilling operations has proven to be more efficient from both economic and environmental perspectives. In order to evaluate their technological effectiveness in terms of accident prevention and increased drilling rates, additional research is necessary. This study examines a water-based drilling fluid formulated with a modified powdered reagent (PR) derived from saponified cottonseed oil pitch. The saponification process is carried out using caustic soda (NaOH) mixed with water at a temperature of 100-110 °C, which ensures a maximum saponification rate of up to 92%. The article presents experimental results on the investigation of the properties of the water-based drilling fluid incorporating the modified powdered reagent. The use of a water-soluble powdered reagent offers broad prospects for its application as an environmentally friendly alternative. Accordingly, the relevance of this research is evident, as it facilitates the development of environmentally safe chemical reagents from vegetable oil waste. These reagents are intended for regulating the viscosity and thixotropic structure of drilling fluids, as well as for reducing filtration (fluid loss). The production of multifunctional powdered reagents based on locally available resources can significantly reduce state expenditures associated with the procurement of such materials.

Keywords: drilling; drilling fluid; powdered reagent; rheological properties; modified cottonseed oil pitch.

Date submitted: 14.03.2025     Date accepted: 09.07.2025     Date published: 01.08.2025

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Modern oilfield science relies heavily on the theoretical and experimental foundation of subsurface oil and gas hydro-gas dynamics. With advancements in technologies for developing oil and gas fields, increasing emphasis is placed on mathematical algorithms to understand and manage complex processes. This approach enables informed decision-making even with limited data and facilitates realtime reservoir monitoring using advanced information technologies. Azerbaijani scientists were pioneers in formulating, solving, and experimentally validating some key hydro-gas dynamic problems. This article reviews their contributions to the establishment and advancement of oil and gas hydrogasdynamics. The review encompasses important areas within subsurface oil and gas hydrogasdynamics, including the development of gas condensate, oil, and multi-layered fields. It covers the modeling of gas condensate mixture filtration, methodologies for determining key performance indicators, regulation strategies for multi-layered systems, and techniques for enhancing oil and gas recovery.

Keywords: gas-condensate fields; hydro-gas dynamics; reservoir modeling; enhanced oil recovery (EOR); multi-layered reservoirs; waterflooding; hydrodynamic calculations; development optimization.

Date submitted: 13.01.2025    Date accepted: 15.04.2025    Date published: 24.04.2025

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Worldwide practice, for rational CO₂ use, focuses on injection of this greenhouse gas for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and intensified oil recovery (IOR). In total, as per year 2024, over 150 active CO₂ EOR &IOR projects are under run in various oil/gas producing countries, with USA leadership. These CO₂ technologies are at 9th maturity, technology stage readiness level, As for Russian territory, CO₂ technologies are at about 6-7 level. Despite positive Soviet Union CO₂ project design experience, recently, it is difficult to talk about design-to – project transformation. Because of different limitations, experience, sensitive consequences for carbon dioxide transportation and well injection into oil-bearing reservoirs, the oil recovery technologies with in- situ CO₂ generation, with no such limitations, and with proved positive field experience, seem as rather prospective ones, for their further optimization and scaling. Taking into account negative experience of large-volume areal CO₂ injection into oil-bearing reservoirs, with unplanned early CO₂ breakthroughs into production wells, unproductive losses of carbon dioxide, over corrosion of oil equipment and CO₂ environmental emission & pollution, it is reasonable to develop methods and technologies for maximal saturation of “oil-water-rock” system with carbon dioxide, with its minimal consumption, prevention of breakthrough to production well and all further negative consequences. To optimize numerous and multi-directional efforts, time, money expenses, it is proposed, to organize CO₂ EOR &IOR technologies single and united center, work program, structure and financing. The proposed article discloses numerous prospective ways for implementing CO₂ EOR &IOR projects in Russian oil fields.

Keywords: intensification of oil recovery; gaseous carbon dioxide; enhanced oil recovery; carbon footprint; carbon dioxide in-situ generation; tax incentives.

Date submitted: 07.03.2025     Date accepted: 17.06.2025     Date published: 21.06.2025

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The work is devoted to the quantitative and qualitative assessment of the significance of the processes of identification of deposits in the context of the need for operational development of residual oil reserves.To solve the problems of effective strategic planning for the rational use of oil companies' assets based on the use of the analogy method, a methodology has been proposed for creating algorithms and techniques for differentiating, grouping and identifying objects in conditions of uncertainty at various stages of field development. Using the example of objects in the Volga-Ural region, the dependence of the percentage of correctly grouped objects on the stage of exploitation of deposits was established using discriminant analysis. An example of identification using the tectonicstratigraphic association of objects is presented. 41 groups were identified in the conditions of the eastern part of the Volga-Ural oil and gas province. As a result of deep differentiation, the objects are divided into 133 groups, each of which is characterized by the peculiarities of the geological structure and the influence of the geological and physical characteristics of productive strata and the physico-chemical parameters of the fluids saturating them. Based on the results obtained, it is proposed to take a differentiated approach to the development of each selected group, which will allow taking into account the peculiarities of the influence of parameters. The presented methodology can be implemented not only within large oil and gas provinces, but also within smaller oil and gas regions and facilities developed by specific subsurface users.

Keywords: differentiation and grouping of objects; rational use of resources; tectonic and stratigraphic proximity; method of analogies; oil and gas provinces.

Date submitted: 11.05.2025     Date accepted: 24.07.2025     Date published: 28.07.2025

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For the conditions of the Jurassic deposits in some regions of the West Siberian oil and gas province, a procedure has been carried out for grouping development facilities in operation. Three groups of objects are relatively homogeneous in relation to each other. The objects that are most closely located in the multidimensional space of the considered parameters to the "average hypothetical" deposits have been identified. For the conditions of these landfill sites, a criterion analysis of the applicability of various methods for increasing oil recovery has been carried out. Based on the use of mathematical models, calculations have been carried out and the most effective methods of influencing the bottomhole zone and formations in general have been identified, which makes it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of introducing technologies into the production process aimed at developing residual oil reserves concentrated in difficult mining and geological conditions. The possibility of using the selected technologies in conditions of other facilities is shown, which reduces the risks of making erroneous decisions when choosing methods to increase oil recovery. 

Keywords: hard-to-recover reserves; landfill sites; deposits of the West Siberian oil and gas province; grouping of development sites; making management decisions.

Date submitted: 11.06.2025     Date accepted: 08.08.2025     Date published: 12.08.2025

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The study of the process of oil recovery of various groups of deposits in carbonate reservoirs of the Kashirsky age of the Volga-Ural oil and gas province, tectonically confined to the Birskaya saddle, Verkhne-Kama depression, Bashkir arch, with subsequent modeling. The modeling was carried out using both the full range of available information after complete drilling of deposits, including parameters reflecting geological heterogeneity in terms of effective oil-saturated thickness, thickness of oil-saturated layers, porosity, and the limited amount available at the stage of field commissioning. A significant influence of the parameters of geological heterogeneity on the production of reserves has been established, however, the degree and nature of this influence vary in the conditions of different groups of identified objects, which must be taken into account when solving development tasks. In the conditions of all groups of facilities, the influence of the density of the well grid and the ratio of producing wells to injection wells on the value of the final oil recovery coefficient has been established, however, the contribution of these parameters to the formation of final oil recovery is different, which must be taken into account when solving problems of improving development efficiency.  The created geological and statistical models differentially for different groups of objects make it possible to solve the problems of managing the oil recovery process at various stages of development using different amounts of information.

Keywords: geological heterogeneity of objects; control of the oil recovery process; deposits of carbonate reservoirs of Kashirsky age; geological and statistical modeling; oil reserves development.

Date submitted: 03.07.2025     Date accepted: 25.08.2025     Date published: 02.09.2025

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In the conditions of deposits in carbonate reservoirs associated with nine tectonic and stratigraphic elements of the Ural-Volga region, the dynamics of changes in oil production from wells during the development of deposits under natural conditions was studied. Dynamic models have been obtained that reflect the change in oil production over time, as well as dependencies that allow estimating the life of wells to the limit of economic profitability and the degree of reserve depletion. The need to use dynamic models in the development design is due to the high level of uncertainty that arises when making management decisions related to optimizing oil production processes. The presented results are the basis of an express method that makes it possible to assess the profitability of numerous small and medium-sized low-yield oil deposits for their commercial development, as well as to assess the need for a set of measures to develop residual hard-to-recover oil reserves from fields that have been under development for a long time. The dependences obtained as a result of modeling make it possible to determine the numerical values of coefficients characterizing the features of the geological structure of objects, which is the main reason for creating a strategy for the effective and economically justified development of low-yield deposits.

Keywords: development of low-yield deposits; geological and statistical modeling; oil reserves development; dynamic models; natural field development regime.

Date submitted: 01.07.2025     Date accepted: 29.08.2025     Date published: 05.09.2025

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The work is devoted to the implementation of a scientific and methodological justification for the application of fractal series theory to solve one of the key tasks of field development ‒ an integrated assessment of the effectiveness of flooding oil reservoirs using quantitative data to determine the effectiveness of well interactions. The object of research in this work is the deposits of carbonate reservoirs of the South Tatar arch, which have been in operation for a long time and for which a significant amount of geological and field information has been accumulated. As part of the application of the modified Hearst indicator calculation system in Cartesian coordinate axes with a logarithmic scale, the dynamics of changes in technological indicators for producing and injection wells were interpreted according to two different scenarios, the modeling of which provides a detailed picture of the change in the fluid motion vector in the borehole-reservoir system. The calculations made it possible to establish intervals with the most effective filtration of the fluid and identify patterns of change in the Hearst index based on the qualitative characteristics of flooding. It is concluded that it is necessary to take into account the deviation of the values of the coordinates of the curves for producing and injection wells from each other in the planning and design of both additional field studies and measures aimed at optimizing the processes of oil displacement by water.

Keywords: deposits of carbonate reservoirs of the South Tatar arch; Hearst index; theory of fractal series; processing of geological and field data; assessment of the degree of mutual influence of wells.

Date submitted: 03.06.2025     Date accepted: 28.08.2025     Date published: 18.09.2025

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The paper presents the results of studying the influence of geological and technological parameters, such as the density of the well grid, the ratio of the number of producing wells to injection wells, and the productivity coefficient on the final oil recovery coefficient of the Tournaisian deposits of the Yuzhno-Tatarsky Arch, Birskaya Saddle, and Blagoveshchenskaya depression during their development using intracircular flooding. Using a set of geological and field data characterizing a number of parameters reflecting the features of the geological structure of the objects, calculations were carried out, the results of which allow us to replicate the best practices in the development of objects. Under the conditions of the considered tectonic and stratigraphic elements, the necessity of taking these parameters into account comprehensively when constructing models of the oil recovery process and their implementation in the real production process is shown. Using computer modeling systems, the necessity of implementing deep identification of objects is substantiated, which makes it possible, in conditions of a limited amount of geological and field data, to form a number of decisions aimed at reducing the risks of making low-effective management decisions. Solving a wide range of development tasks, including increasing the degree of reserve production and reducing oil production costs, should be carried out in conditions of the maximum possible differentiation of facilities, however, their number should be sufficient to exclude the influence of the trend in the number of facilities on the simulation results.

Keywords: geological and technological factors; oil recovery process models; factor analysis method; productivity coefficient; Tournaisian stage deposits.

Date submitted: 03.07.2025     Date accepted: 25.11.2025     Date published: 11.12.2025

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The presented article discusses the preparation and investigation of a composition based on the natural polymer gum arabic and the vinyl monomer acrylamide, which undergoes chemical transformation under downhole conditions to form a gel. N,N-methylenebisacrylamide and FeCl₃ salt were used as cross-linking agents during the process. The composition is viscoelastic, exhibiting characteristics typical of non-Newtonian fluids and demonstrating the Weissenberg effect. It was determined that the boiling point of the composition is 103.7 °C, and the freezing point is -4.5 °C. Depending on the concentration of the components, gel formation occurring within 43-397 minutes at temperatures between 25-75 °C. The swelling rate of the gels increased rapidly within 3-4 hours, with all water samples showing up to a 300%. It was shown that the swelling of the biopolymer-based gel increased sharply over 1-30 hours and continued to stabilize over the next 160 hours, reaching up to 650%. According to studies in the linear reservoir model, the biopolymer-based composition formed a stable gel at a temperature of 50 °C. This proved that the composition better blocked the waterlogged zones. A study was conducted on the isolation of high-permeability layers with a biopolymer composition in a waterlogged layer model with residual oil in the pores. It was found that it is possible to displace 8% of the residual oil from the low-permeability layer with injected water. The prepared biopolymer-based composition can be used as a plugging material for the isolation of undesirable or formation waters in the oil industry.

Keywords: biopolymer; viscosity; gelation time; thermoactive; water shut-off; plugging; residual oil; displacement coefficient.

Date submitted: 23.12.2024     Date accepted: 10.03.2025     Date published: 17.03.2025

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The article considers the issues of the possibility (impossibility) of operating wells in gas condensate fields with interannular pressures. The existing initial and regulatory information on the results of technical operation of wells has been studied and systematized, the requirements for ensuring industrial safety during operation of hazardous production facilities, protection of subsoil and the environment have been analyzed. The current state of operation of wells with interannular manifestations has been characterized and the problems arising in this case have been considered. The issues of identifying interannular manifestations in wells and their diagnostics have been considered, the safety level of operation of wells with interannular manifestations has been assessed. The paper presents the results of calculating the integral quantitative hazard assessment of an interannular manifestation, which is characterized by the hazard coefficient and its limit values have been determined. The definition of vulnerability, which is the property of well elements to lose the ability to perform specified functions, and an assessment of the safety of wells with interannular manifestations based on an assessment of the degree of hazard of interannular manifestations and the degree of vulnerability of the well and environmental objects have been given. The conditions under which a well can be operated with interannular pressures have been determined.

Keywords: well; pressure; annular space; manifestations; risks; vulnerability.

Date submitted: 07.02.2025     Date accepted: 09.04.2025     Date published: 17.04.2025

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The success, safety and stability of treatment methods of bottomhole formation zone depend on adequate bottomhole pressure. The latter is not directly controllable, but it can be changed by adjusting injection pressure. Using the Paccaloni method for any given measured injection rate, the downhole injection pressure can be estimated. In this paper, the Paccaloni method was developed, and the pressure drop changes in the skin zone for horizontal and vertical wells were estimated for planning acid treatment of the bottomhole formation zones in vertical, deviated and horizontal wells. To model pressure and velocity distributions in the bottomhole zone for the case of water injection in a vertical and horizontal wells COMSOL Mathphysics modules were used.

Keywords: bottomhole pressure; reservoir pressure; acid treatment; Paccaloni method; permeability; flow rate.

Date submitted: 24.02.2025     Date accepted: 15.05.2025     Date published: 23.05.2025

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One of the main technological indicators characterizing the state of development of an oil deposit or reservoir is the current reservoir pressure. Standard methods for measuring reservoir pressure are known, which have a number of limitations and disadvantages in implementation, especially in cases of high current oil well flow rates. The issues of applying methods that are less costly in terms of oil losses and less labor-intensive in terms of using complex equipment are relevant in the scientific and industrial environment. The paper considers a method for estimating reservoir pressure using information on the measurement of bottom-hole pressure obtained during the injection test during hydraulic fracturing. This test involves pumping liquid into the reservoir, followed by an analysis of the pressure drop curve after the fracturing fluid injection is stopped. Analysis using the software makes it possible to determine the parameters characterizing the crack closing pressure, the minimum horizontal stress present in the formation, the efficiency of the fracturing fluid, the effective pressure, the parameters of liquid filtration into the formation, the presence and types of leaks. After determining the closing pressure, a graph with a dimensionless function of time is constructed. Pseudo-linear and pseudo-radial flow regimes are distinguished, and reservoir pressure is determined by extrapolation. The application of the developed scientific and methodological foundations makes it possible to reduce the risks of making low-performance management decisions in conditions of uncertainty. The described approach can be used when conducting hydraulic fracturing in wells from production drilling, while an essential condition is the use of downhole pressure recording systems during hydraulic fracturing in order to increase the accuracy of the data obtained.

Keywords: hydrodynamic studies of wells, reservoir pressure, hydraulic fracturing, injection test, pressure drop curve, crack, carbonate reservoir.

Date submitted: 10.06.2025     Date accepted: 15.08.2025     Date published: 21.08.2025

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The purpose of this work is to develop a multilevel algorithm using a differentiated approach based on a reasonable division of wells into groups depending on the method of development. Discriminant analysis has been chosen as the methods of processing geological and field data, which makes it possible to reliably establish the trend of object distribution in the axes of canonical discriminant functions. The construction of productivity coefficient forecasting models for interpreting the dynamics of well output to the maximum optimal flow rate was carried out using multidimensional regression modeling. Based on the data obtained, a list of parameters has been established that has the greatest impact on the efficiency of cleaning the bottom-hole zone of the reservoir individually for each group of objects. The advantage of the proposed scientific and methodological foundations of management decision-making in comparison with existing approaches is shown and their characteristic differences are highlighted. The significance of the conducted research is based on the possibility of quickly identifying the parameters that make the greatest contribution to the change in the productivity coefficient over time, according to which the subsurface user has the opportunity to make an informed choice of development technology for candidate wells. It is concluded that it is necessary to carry out further research in the field of reliable determination of the influence of the second indicator of canonical discriminant functions on changes in geological and technological parameters.

Keywords: geological and statistical modeling; cleaning of the bottom-hole zone of the formation; wells reaching the maximum optimal flow rate; scientific and methodological foundations of management decision-making; deposits of carbonate reservoirs.

Date submitted: 11.06.2025     Date accepted: 28.08.2025     Date published: 02.09.2025

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The process of cleaning the bottom-hole zone of the reservoir from drilling products has been studied for various groups of objects in the carbonate reservoirs of the Volga-Ural region. The reasons for the duration of removal of drilling mud filtrate from the formations have been established. The effect of exposure to the bottom-hole zone of hydrochloric acid solutions on the time of cleaning from drilling products penetrating into the productive reservoir has been studied. It is established that it is necessary to take into account the stratigraphic proximity and tectonic affiliation of objects when predicting the degree of contamination of the bottomhole zone. In order to improve the accuracy of the forecast, it is proposed to differentiate objects by geological parameters, taking into account the results of a comprehensive statistical assessment of multiple correlation indicators by factors that have the greatest impact on the choice of well development technology. The necessity of carrying out hydrochloric acid treatments to accelerate the cleaning of the bottomhole zone and increase the effectiveness of exposure is shown. In some cases, there was no positive effect on accelerating the cleaning of the bottom-hole zone due to geological and technological factors. A list of recommendations has been formed for the informed adoption of management decisions aimed at reducing the cost of production, related to the need to differentiate facilities using appropriate research results.

Keywords: hydrochloric acid exposure, the degree of contamination of the bottom-hole zone, the time of cleaning from drilling products, management decision-making, differentiation of facilities.

Date submitted: 03.07.2025     Date accepted: 03.09.2025     Date published: 10.09.2025

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This article discusses key considerations in the practical application of data analysis using distributed temperature sensing (DTS) technology. Conventional temperature logging techniques provide temperature data only during specific surveys and can significantly interfere with normal well operations. Application of DTS technology has made it possible to overcome many of the limitations and problems of thermal studies and makes it possible to obtain temperature measurements along the wellbore at short intervals without changing the well operating mode. It is demonstrated that in deviated and horizontal wells, discrepancies between the DTS measured depth (MD/ML) and the actual wellbore depth (i.e., the difference between the optical fiber length and the well path) vary across different intervals due to uneven fiber tension. These discrepancies are typically more pronounced in inclined and horizontal sections compared to vertical ones and must be accounted for when interpreting temperature variations along the wellbore. To correct this technical inaccuracy, DTS data should be calibrated against conventional well logging results. The study also identifies random temperature fluctuations inherent in DTS measurements, which can influence the accuracy of the recorded values. These signal noises are also observed when the well is shut in. Based on the statistical analysis, the closeness of the distribution of DTS measurement noise when the well is shut in to the normal distribution is shown. To determine the optimal sampling interval and the minimum number of measurements required for reliable temperature profiling, a comparative analysis with data from permanent downhole temperature gauges is recommended.

Keywords: well integrity; monitoring; temperature profiling; distributed temperature sensing (DTS); signal noise; thermal fluctuation; distributed sensing.

Date submitted: 02.06.2025     Date accepted: 24.09.2025     Date published: 10.10.2025

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This paper studies the possibility of diagnosing operational complications in sand-producing gas-lift wells through the analysis of wellhead data, without specialized downhole investigations. Unlike conventional gas-lift well designs, many sand-producing wells feature open dual concentric (pipe-in-pipe) gas-lift completion design without a packer between the lower completion tubing string and the annular space. This structural difference significantly influences the dynamics of pressure fluctuations at the wellhead, in the annulus, and in the casing. It has been determined that effective diagnosis of complications in gas-lift well operation based on wellhead process parameters requires not only the evaluation of average values and amplitude-frequency characteristics, but also a detailed analysis of the waveform of fluctuations. A mechanism is proposed to explain the emergence of distinctive pressure fluctuations during the operation of sand-producing gas-lift wells with open dual concentric gas-lift completion design. It is demonstrated that the presence of sand in the tubing often results in a characteristic saw-tooth pattern, with the amplitude of fluctuations increasing as sand accumulates in the wellbore. Based on these findings, a diagnostic methodology is presented for identifying operational issues in sand-producing gas-lift wells with open multi-row configurations. The application of this methodology enables timely and targeted intervention to prevent the escalation of complications and ensure stable well performance.

Keywords: gas lift well; operational complications; sand production; diagnosis; wellhead data; fluctuation.

Date submitted: 23.06.2025     Date accepted: 05.10.2025     Date published: 10.10.2025

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Real oil and gas operations often involve multiphase systems with at least one phase dispersed within another. Hydrocarbon production, gathering, treatment, and transportation rely on multicomponent processes that lift hydrocarbons from the reservoir, transport them to separation facilities, and handle mixtures of oil, natural gas, formation water, and mechanical impurities. Thus, water, oil, and gas frequently interact as they move through tubing and lifting systems. Knowing wellbore parameters, produced fluid properties, and gas flow rate allows engineers to define the optimal operating regime of a gas-lift pump using the pressure-loss function ΔP = f(Q), known as the hydraulic characteristic of the flow. Minimizing specific gas consumption enables achievement of the optimal gas-lift regime. Accurate assessment of the hydraulic characteristic requires calculating total pressure losses, which comprise gravitational and frictional components. Frictional losses show an approximately linear dependence on flow rate, while gravitational losses display an inverse hyperbolic relationship. Precise calculation of both is essential and must be based on field data. A critical factor is evaluating the actual gas holdup of the multiphase stream, a complex function of flow direction and velocity, gas and liquid production rates, gas slippage, and related parameters. Once pressure losses are quantified, the gas injection rate can be optimized to adjust the hydraulic characteristic and guide the gas-lift process toward efficient, stable performance. This integrated approach ensures minimal gas consumption, improved production efficiency, and effective control of gas-lift well operations.

Keywords: gas lift; multiphase flow; pressure losses; phase slippage; gas factor.

Date submitted: 15.05.2025     Date accepted: 20.10.2025     Date published: 13.11.2025

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21. Mangushev, R., Ismayilov, G. (2024). Dynamic modelling and multiphase flow optimisation- garanteur of safe and secure hydrocarbon production. Reliability: Theory and Applications, 19(6(81)), 1629-1632.

The paper investigates the application of long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks for forecasting the formation of asphaltene, resin, and paraffin deposits (ARPD) during crude oil transportation through trunk pipelines. The accumulation of ARPD represents a serious operational issue that reduces pipeline throughput, increases pumping energy consumption, and complicates inspection and maintenance procedures. A detailed overview of conventional mathematical and software-based approaches for predicting wax deposition is provided, highlighting their limitations in terms of adaptability and accuracy. Taking into account the properties of various neural network architectures and the specifics of available input data, an LSTM-based predictive model was developed and trained using datasets simulated in the Schlumberger OLGA software package for typical operating conditions of pipelines in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The model achieved mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squared error (RMSE) values of 0.1163 and 0.1564, respectively, demonstrating its ability to reproduce ARPD thickness along the pipeline with satisfactory precision. The results confirm that the proposed neural network approach can serve as a reliable alternative to conventional physics-based models. The framework can be further improved by incorporating additional parameters such as crude oil composition variability and the effect of chemical inhibitors. The developed predictive tool can be used by pipeline operators to optimize cleaning schedules and improve the efficiency of crude oil transport systems. Overall, the findings contribute to enhancing digital modeling practices in oil pipeline management.

Keywords: recurrent neural networks; asphaltenes; resins; paraffin deposits; forecasting; long short-term memory; trunk pipelines; oil transport.

Date submitted: 10.09.2025     Date accepted: 19.11.2025     Date published: 21.11.2025

References

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18. Puritskis, Ya. V., Aubakirov, R. B., Panchenko, I. V. (2024). Numerical modeling and neural networks for modeling and classifying two-phase flow in a vertical pipeline. Business Journal Neftegaz.ru, 12(156), 64-68.
19. Vikhtenko, E. M., Glekov, M. S. (2025). A study of recurrent neural network models for river level forecasting using data from the amur river. Engineering Herald of the Don, 3, 9913.
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This study examines the assessment of the impact of oil production, delivery, and export volumes, the number of wells, domestic and export oil prices, and capital investments on the production income of the Embi oilfields in the Atyrau region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The research analyzes 140 observations to determine the statistical significance of these economic factors. According to the Akaike (AIC )and Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC), the spatial autoregression model with autocorrelated errors and fixed effects (model 19) is identified as the most suitable for analysis. The model's key results indicate that a 1% increase in oil production volume leads to a 0.989% growth in the production income of the Embi oilfields (p < 0.01). Similarly, a 1% increase in oil export volume contributes to a 0.189% income growth (p < 0.01). The export oil price shows a moderate positive effect with a coefficient of 0.481, also significant at the p < 0.01 level. The spatial lag of the dependent variable is 0.407 and significant at p < 0.01, confirming strong spatial dependence: changes in the production income of one oilfield are closely linked to similar changes in neighboring oilfields. The spatial error lag is 0.425, also significant at p < 0.01, highlighting the importance of accounting for spatial effects in the analysis. Thus, model (19) confirms the significant positive impact of oil production, export volumes, and export oil prices on the production income of the Embi oilfields. Spatial effects play a crucial role, demonstrating a close interconnection between the oilfields. This makes the model more precise and reliable for analyzing spatially linked entities such as oilfields.

Keywords: Durbin model; fixed effects; random effects; production income; panel data; Embi oilfields; autoregressive model.

Date submitted: 03.04.2025     Date accepted: 21.06.2025     Date published: 30.06.2025

References

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This study assesses the environmental conditions of the Caspian Sea by analysing water samples collected from four key locations along the Azerbaijani coast: Bilgah, Sumgait, Pirallahi, and Neftchala. Given the region’s extensive industrial, agricultural, and oil extraction activities, marine pollution is a growing concern. To evaluate contamination levels, we employed thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to examine the chemical composition and particle size distribution of residues from evaporated water samples. Our findings revealed significant variations in pollution levels across the study sites. Sumgait exhibited the highest residue mass (4.3 g/100 ml), indicating severe contamination, followed by Neftchala (3.7 g/100 ml). In contrast, Bilgah and Pirallahi had significantly lower residue masses (1.1 g and 1.2 g/100 ml, respectively). TGA results identified sodium chloride (NaCl) as the dominant component, with substantial mass losses of 11.55% in Sumgait and 12.24% in Neftchala, indicating high salt contamination, likely from industrial discharges and oil refining activities. XRD analysis confirmed NaCl as the principal mineral and detected calcium sulfate (CaSO4) in Neftchala, suggesting additional contamination sources, potentially from agricultural runoff. DLS analysis revealed finer particle sizes in Sumgait, raising concerns about pollutant dispersion over broader areas. These findings highlight the urgent need for continuous environmental monitoring and mitigation strategies to manage pollution in the Caspian Sea. By integrating advanced analytical techniques, this study provides a comprehensive assessment of water quality, offering valuable data for environmental policymakers and marine conservation efforts.

Keywords: Caspian Sea; Marine environmental monitoring; thermogravimetric analysis (TGA, X-ray Diffraction (XRD); water quality analysis

Date submitted: 28.10.2024     Date accepted: 01.05.2025     Date published: 07.05.2025

References

1. Serikbayeva, A. (2023). Assessment of the degree of soil contamination of the coastal zone of the Caspian Sea in the area of Aktau suburb. Eurasian Journal of Ecology, 77(4). 60-67.
2. Shahryari, A., Safari, H., Pahlavanzade, B. (2020). Assessment of the microbiological quality of Caspian seawater and the role of physicochemical factors on microbial load. Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development, 5(1), 962-970.
3. Syrlybekkyzy, S., Koibakova, S. E., Kenzhetaev, G. Z., et al. (2022). Environmental aspects of the evaluation of the total pollution of soils with heavy metals in the coastal zone of the Caspian Sea at Cape Peschany. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1043(1), 012056.
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5. Khazali, M., Taghavi, L. (2021). An overview of Persian Gulf environmental pollution. E3S Web of Conferences, 325, 03013.
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8. Aydinsoy, E. A., Aghamaliyev, Z. Z., Aghamaliyeva, D. B., Abbasov, V. B. (2024). A systematic review of corrosion inhibitors in marine environments: insights from the last 5 years. Proceedings of Petrochemical Processes and Oil Refining Research (PPOR), 25(3), 793-843.
9. Abbasov, V. M., Aghamaliyev, Z. Z., Aydinsoy, E. A., Alimadatli, N. Y. (2023). Modelling an image detection algorithm to evaluate the degree of corrosion. Proceedings of Petrochemical Processes and Oil Refining Research (PPOR), 24(3), 589–596.
10. Abbasov, V. M., Azizov, R. E., Aghamaliyev, Z. Z., Aydinsoy, E. A. (2024). The localization of oil leaks in the sea using satellite and drone images with artificial intelligence models. Proceedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions (PAHTEI), 2(148). 421–431.
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12. Abbasov, V. M., Aghamaliyeva, D. B., Aydinsoy, E. A., Aghamaliyev, Z. Z. (2024). CO2 corrosion analysis of water samples from the Western Caspian Sea: Insights from Sumqayit, Neftchala, Bilgah, and Pirallahi. Theory and Practice of Corrosion Protection, 29(4), 53-59.
13. Abbasov, V. M., Aydinsoy, E. A., Aghamalieva, D. B., Aghamaliyev, Z. Z. (2024). Antimicrobial properties and bacterial contamination in western Caspian Sea coastal waters: A study of coliform, E. coli, and Enterococcus. Journal of Baku Engineering University - Advances in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 8(1), 44-51.
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17. Vishnyakov, V. V., Suleimanov, B. A., Salmanov, A. V., Zeynalov, E. B. (2019). Primer on enhanced oil recovery. Gulf Professional Publishing.
18. Suleimanov, B. A., Veliyev, E. F. , Vishnyakov, V. V. (2022). Nanocolloids for petroleum engineering: Fundamentals and practices. John Wiley & Sons.
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Since ancient times, naftalan oil has been used to treat human diseases. Medieval travelers documented this practice in their writings. Research into the oil's physical and chemical properties began in the early 20th century with Russian scientists and continued with the scientific school founded by academician Y. H. Mammadaliyev. This research continues today. Since 1932, medicinal naftalan oil has been used in sanatoriums. Every year, thousands of people from around the world visit the resort town of Naftalan Oil in hopes of finding a cure. Azerbaijani scientists intend to conduct more in-depth research to raise the global profile of this oil and to produce medical and cosmetic products with it under the Azerbaijani brand. To this end, on September 28, 2024, the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan signed a decree titled «Additional Measures to Increase the Role of Naftalan Oil in the Development of Health Tourism». This paper provides an overview of naftalan oil research from the beginning of the 20th century to the present. It analyzes the most significant results obtained and prospects for further research.

Keywords: therapeutic city of Naftalan oil; medical and cosmetic products; “White Naftalan oil”; essential oils of medicinal plants; skin diseases; rheumatic diseases; antimicrobial properties.

Date submitted: 01.05.2025     Date accepted: 08.07.2025     Date published: 11.07.2025

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43. Abbasov, V. M., Zeynalova, S. G., Rasulova, G. R., et al. (2009). Antimicrobial effect of compositions of white Naftalan oil fractions with cumin essential oil on Staphylococcus aureus. Azerbaijan Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, 2, 65-69.
44. Abbasov, V. M., Zeynalova, S. G., Rasulova, G. R., et al. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of compositions of white naphthalan oil fractions with methyl norbornane against pathogenic bacteria. Medical Sciences, 4, 36-40.
45. Abbasov, V. M., Zeynalova, S. Q., Rasulova, G. R., et al. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of the composition of white Naphthalan oil fractions with essential oils of wild plants. In: VII Baku International Mamedaliyev Conference on Petroleum Chemistry, dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the Institute of Oil and Chemical Processes of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Baku.
46. Rasulova, G. R. (2010). Antimicrobial action of compositions of fractions of white Naftalan oil with essential oils of various plants. In: Proceedings of the International Conference "Actual Problems of Bioecology", Moscow.
47. Rasulova, G. R., Abbasov, V. M., Muradov, P. Z. (2010). Ağ Naftalan yağının cirə bitkisinin qram(-) bakteriyalara təsiri. AMEA-nın Mikrobiologiya İnstitutunun Elmi Əsərləri, 8, 34-39.
48. Rasulova, G. R., Abbasov, V. M., Muradov, P. Z. (2011). The effect of the composition of white naphthalan oil with essential oil of fennel plant on gram(-) bacteria. Scientific Works of the Institute of Microbiology of ANAS, 10, 117-123.
49. Rasulova, G. R., Abbasov, V. M., Muradov, P. Z. (2011). Antimicrobial action of compositions of fractions of white naphthalan oil with essential oil of Staphylococus aureus. Bulletin of Moscow State University, Series “Natural sciences”, 3, 73-78.
50. Abbasov, V. M., Ibragimova, M. D., Nagiyev, V. A., et al. (2014). Selective purification of Naphthalan oil with N-methylpyrrolidone. World of Oil Products, 8, 14-18.
51. Abbasov, V. M., Hajiyeva, S. Y., Alizade, A. E., et al. (2014) Analysis of Naftalan oil fractions by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Journal of Chemical Problems, 3, 247-258.
52. Abbasov, V. M., Mammadov, A. M., Jafarova, R. A., et al. (2014). Formation of radicals and thermo chemiluminescence of lipids and acetals for modification of medicinal naphthalan oil. Petrochemistry and Oil Refining Processes, 9, 38-42.
53. Abbasov, V. M., Ibrahimova, M. D., Mammadov, R. B., et al. (2014). Selective purification of 200-450 °C fraction of Naftalan oil with ionic liquids based on formic acid and amines. Petrochemistry and Oil Refining Processes, 15(1), 39-47.
54. Abbasov, V. M., Tagiyeva, A. M., Abbasova, Z. V., et al. (2014). Miracles of natural chemistry and rules for its use. Baku: Elm.
55. Babaev, F. R., Martinova, G. S., Mammadova, S. G., et al. (2015). On the composition of the unique oil of the Naftalan field. Moscow: VNIIOENG, 3, 36-42.
56. Rajabov, M. A., Sadiqova, F. E., Alizade, A. E., et al. (2016). On the problem of mixed infections, including uncultivated forms of pathogens, and modern approaches to laboratory diagnostics and treatment of acute intestinal infections. Biomedicine, 1, 34-44.
57. Movsumova, P. A., Alieva, L. I., Abbasov, V. M., Alizade, A. E. (2016). Purification of unique Naftalan oil with selective solvents. In: IX Baku International Mammadaliyev Conference on Petrochemistry, Baku.
58. Abbasov, V. M., Hajiyeva, S. Y., Najafova, G. A., et al. (2015). Study of the effect of magnetic field on adsorption dearomatization of distillate of Naftalan oil boiling at 175-500 ^o In: Scientific-Practical Conference on Current Problems of Modern Biology and Chemistry, Ganja State University.
59. Abbasov, V. M., Hajiyeva, S. Y., Najafova, G. A., et al. (2015). Analysis of the composition of Naftalan oil and its distillates boiling at 160-340 ^oC by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. In: Scientific-Practical Conference on Current Problems of Modern Biology and Chemistry, Ganja State University.
60. Abbasov, V. M., Nadjafova, G., Movsumova, P., Alizade, A. E. (2015). Influence of temperature and maqnetic field on dearomatization of distillates of napthalene oil. In: International Conference on Thermophysical and Mechanical Properties of Advanced  Materials, Baku.
61. Abbasov, V. M., Muradov, P. Z., Ismayilova, G. E., et al. (2015). Analysis of the results of chemical and microbiological research of therapeutic Naftalan oil. Problems of Chemistry, 13(4), 416-419.
62. Abbasov, V. M., Muradov, P. Z., Najafova, G. E., Ismayilova, G. E. (2016). Results of research on some medicinal plants. In: The International Conference on Actual Problems of Modern Chemistry and Biology, Petrochemistry and Petrochemical Synthesis, Ganja.
63. Ismailova, G. E. (2016). Use in medicine of de-resined oils of medicinal Naftalan oil and naphthenic hydrocarbons. Scientific Works of the Institute of Petrochemical Processes named after Y.H. Mammadaliyev of ANAS, 17(1), 24-27.
64. Abbasov, V. M., Abbaszade, G., Isayeva, G. A., et al. (2017). History of Naftalan oil research and trends in its falsification. World of Science, 3-4(16), 15-21.
65. Bakhshaliyeva, K. F., Ismayılova, G. E., Isayeva, G. A., Muradov, P. Z. (2016). Effect of the materials derived from some essential-oil plants on the growth of toxigenic fungi. Ciencia e Tecnica Vitivinicola (ISI Thomson Reuters, Portugal), 31(12), 42-46.
66. Ismayilova, G. E., Bakhshaliyeva, K. F., Isayeva, G. A., Muradov, P. Z. (2017). Bactericidal and fungicidal properties of the composition of white naphthalan oil with plant essential oils. In: International Scientific Conference “Actual problems of modern natural sciences” dedicated to the 94th anniversary of the birth of the national leader H.Aliyev, Ganja.
67. Bakhshaliyeva, K. F., Muradov, P. Z., Ismailova, G. E., et al. (2017). Fungicidal activity of some medicinal plants of the flora of Azerbaijan. Modern Mycology in Russia, 7, 208-209.
68. Ismayilova, G. E., Namazov, N. R., Muradov, P. Z. (2017). Bactericidal properties of the compositions prepared from components obtained from various sources. Scientific Works of the Institute of Microbiology of ANAS, 15(2), 26-31.
69. Ismayılova, G. E., Namazov, N. R., Bakhshaliyeva, K. F., et al. (2018). Fungisid features of the composıtıons prepared from the varıous sources of components. Jokull Journal, 68(7), 21-26.
70. Bakhshalieva, K. F., Ismailova, G. E., Namazov, N. R., Bayramova, F. V. (2018) Bactericidal and fungicidal properties of compositions of white naphthalan oil with essential oil of various essential oil plants. Sciences of Europe (Czech Republic), 3(8), 3-8.
71. Bakhshaliyeva, K. F., Ismayilova, G. E., Bayramova, F. V., Muradov, P. Z. (2018). The effect of compositions based on white naphthalene and essential oils on the growth of bacteria and fungi. Scientific Works of the Institute of Microbiology of ANAS, 16(1), 37-41.
72. Abbasov, V. M., Aliyeva, L. I., Najafova, G. A., et al. (2013). Dearomatization of 260-340^oC fraction of medicinal naphthalan oil using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. World of Petroleum Products, 5, 35-39.
73. Abbasov, V. M., Ibrahimova, M. J., Mammadov, R. B., et al. (2014). Selective purification of 200-450^oC fraction of naphthalan oil with ionic liquids based on formic acid and amines. Petrochemistry and Oil Refining Processes, 15(1), 39-47.
74. Abbasov, V. M., Ibrahimova, M. J., Nagiyev, V. A., et al. (2014). Selective purification of naphthalan oil with N-methyl pyrrolidone. World of Oil Products, 8, 14-18.
75. Abbasov, V. M., Hajiyeva, S. Y., Alizadeh, A. A., et al. (2014). Analysis of Naftalan oil fractions by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Chemical Problems, 3, 247-258.
76. Abbasov, V., Aliyeva, L., Movsumova, P., et al. (2015). Extractive dearomatization of Naphthalane oil fraction with ionic liquid and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Journal of Advances in Chemistry, 11(6), 3622-3629.
77. Abbasov, V., Isayeva, G., Alizadeh, A., et al. (2018). Research of structure-group composition of narrow fractions of therapeutic Naphthalan oil. Processes of Petrochemistry and oil Refining, 19(1), 3-16.
78. Movsumova, P. A. (2019). The role of ıonic liquid morpholine formiate as an extragent in selective treatment of 260-340 ^oC fraction therapeutic Naphthalane oil. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development, 6(1), 40-43.
79. Movsumova, P. A. (2021). Development of extraction dearomatization technology of Naftalan oil distillates. PhD Thesis. Baku.
80. Abbasov, V. M., Isayeva, G. A., Alizadeh, A. E., et al. (2018). Research of structure-group composition of narrow fractions of therapeutic Naphtalan oil. Processes of Petrochemistry and Oil-Refining, 19(1), 3-16.
81. Abbasov, V. M., Nabiyeva, N. D., Mammadov, C. Sh., et al. (2020). A preparation that has a repellent effect on mosquitoes. Patent of the Republic of Azerbaijan I 2020 0085.
82. Abbasov, V. M., Nabiyeva, N. D., Mammadov, C. Sh., et al. (2020). Study of the effect of compositions of mineral oils with ether oils on the mosquitoes. Journal of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, 2(75), 1, 145-150.
83. Nabiyeva, N. D. (2020). Research of diesel and oil fractions of Balakhani light oil. Processes of Petrochemistry and Oil-Refining, 21(2), 282-286.
84. Nabiyeva, N. D. (2020). Methods of purification of oil distillates and distillates for hydraulic fluids. Processes of Petrochemistry and Oil-Refining, 21(3), 340-346.
85. Nabiyeva, N. D., Aghamaliyeva, D. B., Ismayilov, T. A. (2021). Study of inhibitory- bactericidal properties of the byproduct of white oil propuction against deemulsifier and corrosion. Processes of Petrochemistry and Oil-Refining, 22(4), 546-551.
86. Nabiyeva, N. D. (2022). Obtaining medical and cosmetic oils from Balakhani, Oil Rocks and Naftalan oils. PhD Thesis. Baku.