This paper presents the results of geochemical and petrophysical studies of the Semiluk-Mendym (Domanik) and Kynovian deposits of the Frasnian age of the Devonian system at the Romashkinskoye giant oil field of the Republic of Tatarstan. The biomarker composition of the organic matter of the rocks is shown, its catagenetic maturity and facies conditions of its formation are assessed. In addition, the composition of saturated biomarkers (alkanes, steranes, and triterpanes) of Devonian oils were studied. The correlation «oil-organic matter of rocks» was carried out for oils of the Domanik and Kynovian horizons. It is shown that the differences in the biomarker composition of oils from the Domanik and Kynovian horizons are of practical importance in the field development process, since this allows optimizing the oil production process by evaluating the contributions of oil inflows from different reservoirs.

Keywords: Domanik deposits; oil geochemical research; biomarkers; alkanes; terpanes.

References

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Based on the Jurassic and Paleozoic deposits of the West Siberian oil and gas province grouping using factor analysis techniques, a number of algorithms are proposed to justify the choice of landfill sites for the introduction of new technologies for influencing the bottom-hole formation zone and reservoir to increase the degree of reserves development and the profitability of enterprises. The selection is proposed to be carried out separately within the oil and gas bearing areas, tectonic and stratigraphic elements using a set of parameters reflecting the geological and physical properties of formations and fluids that have a predominant effect on the process of oil recovery. The presented algorithms make it possible to reduce risks when replicating successful innovative technologies while simultaneously expanding the areas of effective application.

Keywords: landfill sites; oil production technologies; identification; analogous deposits; degree of reserves development.

References

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The article presents a method of lithological identification of dolomites and limestones ac-cording to stationary neutron logging in several oil wells located on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The article presents a research of the influence of the mineral skeleton of rocks on the readings of stationary neutron logging and the use of differences in the values of porosity coefficients calculated from the readings of individual probes for the lithological identification of dolomites and limestones.

Keywords: porosity; compensated neutron logging; neutron-neutron thermal neutron logging; neutron gamma-ray logging; lithological identification; carbonates; limestone; dolomite.

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The oil and gas potential of Western Siberia, for the most part, is associated with Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits. For many years, the main oil production has been in the Middle Ob region. The conditions and factors contributing to the formation of productive formations, the study of which does not lose its relevance today, are of particular importance for the distribution of hydrocarbons in the reservoir. In the work, according to the study of core material, the lithological and paleontological characteristics of three main formations of Cretaceous and Jurassic deposits of fields in the central part of Western Siberia of the Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk vaults are given. According to the core study data, the main lithotypes of sediments were identified according to the totality of features within the study area with the characteristic of the biogenic component of the section. An ichnofacial analysis of the traces of the life activity of ground species isolated from the data of the well core study was carried out. The facies belonging of the deposits was established by a comprehensive analysis of textural features, structural features, as well as the study of traces of the organic component. A comprehensive study of the sedimentological and paleontological components of productive sediments allowed us to establish sedimentation conditions: the formation of sediments occurred in two dynamic environments – littoral and sublittoral zones.

Keywords: drill sample; facies; ichnofacies; bioturbation; depositional environment; ichnofossil; Jurassic sediments; Cretaceous deposits.

References

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The article highlights the issues of increasing the production efficiency of the operational facility reserves at one of the large oil fields at the final stage of development. On the example of one of the facilities, a methodological approach to the development analysis is considered, which allows determining the optimal strategy for further reserves development, the effectiveness of which is subsequently confirmed by the successful geological and technical measures implementation. Based on the results of lateral horizontal trunks sealing, the assumption of residual reserves localization in the inter-well space associated with the historical fund from operation retirement with a decrease of the gas lift operation technology efficiency due to an increase in waterlogging is confirmed. It is established that for the conditions considered, the well grid density and the multiplicity of the formation pore volume flushing have a direct impact on the production efficiency. The first drilling results confirmed the sufficient predictive capacity of the complex analysis and allowed to resume the substantive drilling program at the facility with reserves of more than 85%, the main grid of wells of which was fully implemented more than 40 years ago.

Keywords: mature fields; oil field development; reserves development; development system.

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The purpose of the article is to consider the design for the selection of drilling mud for the directional production and evaluation well No. 707 of the Western Cheleken field in the coastal zones of the coastal waters of the Caspian Sea, with the aim of successful drilling. Materials of previously drilled wells and safety rules in the oil and gas industry were used for the design and development of drilling fluids regulations, as well as the experience of foreign companies in the preparation of a hydrocarbon-based solution was applied. This work can be used to perform the tasks set when drilling directional wells and to draw up regulations for drilling fluids in extremely difficult mining and geological conditions at abnormally high reservoir pressures.

Keywords: viscosity; statistical shear stress (SSHS); clay crust; hydraulic fracturing; absorption; tack; pore pressure; rock pressure.

References

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Unsteady modifications of waterflooding technologies are usually used as the main technique of reservoir pressure maintenance and enhanced oil recovery in the development of hydrocarbon fields. The disadvantages and imperfections of the conventional approach remain even after wide application of geological and hydrodynamic mathematical modeling and its truncated modifications, including proxy models, synthetic models and other simplified versions. At this stage it was not possible to achieve a fullfledged unification of waterflooding technology, because the theory of two-phase flow filtration created by Buckley-Leverett does not allow taking into account the influence of instability of the displacement front and its negative consequences, provoking a jump change and triple water saturation. This study attempts to return to the solution of this problem and proposes an alternative concept of monitoring and optimization of unsteady waterflooding of oil deposits, taking into account the consequences of instability of the front of oil displacement with water.

Keywords: water flooding; water saturation; instability of the displacement front; optimization; catastrophe theory; phase plane.

References

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Pore channels distribution in reservoir by size largely determines such filtration parameters as absolute and phase permeability, as well as the residual oil saturation of the productive reservoir. This paper presents a technique for capillary research data digital processing in order to obtain a function graph of reservoir pore channels by size distribution. In this case, a generalized mathematical model of capillary pressure curves is used. The generalized model makes it possible to increase the accuracy of capillary curves approximation in the medium and small pore channels area. In this regard, the proposed digital processing technique makes it possible to increase the accuracy and efficiency of constructing the pore channel size distribution function.

Keywords: pore channels; distribution density; permeability; oil saturation; digital processing technique.

References

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The article considers the main group of reasons for water inflow in gas wells under conditions of abnormally low formation pressures. Approaches are outlined for the conditional allocation of the main stages that the well goes through until it is decommissioned due to complete watering. Two different ways of solving the problem of water inflow limitation in gas wells with a horizontal bore end are examined. The most promising technical and technological solutions for isolating the flooded section of the reservoir are discussed. It is noted that the proposed physicochemical method for limiting water inflow using phase permeability modifiers is more reliable, including when the level of gas water contact increases significantly and there is a high probability of watering the well. To improve formation treatment efficiency and achieve the best performance, mathematical calculations are proposed to determine the minimum installation depth of the modifying screen in the formation, which ensures the achievement of a technical result. The parameters of the modifying composition for preventing water inflow and the procedure for determining the parameters to prevent water inflow in gas wells are given. Some results of applying the technology of water inflow limitation in gas wells with preliminary blocking of the bottomhole formation zone are considered.

Keywords: well; watering; pressure; water inflow restriction; modifier; method; composition

References

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The problem considered in the article concerns the oil reserves development complexity from deposits characterized by degraded reservoir porosity and permeability – low permeability and connectivity of reservoirs, high fragmentation, variability, and discontinuity of sand bodies. On the example of one of the facilities with a significant areal distribution, the issue of choosing the development system optimal characteristics based on the production efficiency analysis, as well as the proxy modeling results is studied. As a result, it was found that for the conditions considered, the sealing of the production well grid has a positive effect on the oil extraction process, while maintaining the flooding system rigidity is a prerequisite for maintaining the production efficiency. Optimal for the reserves development of the conditions considered is a system of horizontal producing and directional injection wells. Based on the conclusions made, a technique has been formed for potential sites for the grid compaction, which allows to increase both the degree and the rate of residual reserves productionl.

Keywords: low-permeable formations, hard-to-recover reserves, drilling, oil recovery coefficient.

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The article describes the scope of the thermochemical method of bottom-hole formation zones treatment, the thermal methods classification and their effectiveness, various types of formation thermal treatment (heat-steam heating, hot water, water vapor, gas-water mixtures, various chemical compositions injection, etc.). The physicochemical essence of thermochemical action for the purpose of the bottom-hole formation zone treating by a thermochemical composition based on magnesium metal powder, hydrochloric acid, and other auxiliary materials to increase the productivity of the «White Tiger» deposit wells is considered in detail.

Keywords: bottomhole formation zones treatment; sand collector; thermal effect; exothermic reaction; dewaxing; productive zone; bottomhole formation zone.

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The relevance of the study is due to the need to ensure the flow of more purified reservoir fluid into the bottomhole zone of the well. When opening a formation with production wells, the design of which includes anti-sand filters, there are some imperfections that are characterized by the degree and nature of its opening and are due to the designs of casing filters. For a rational choice of an anti-sand filter in a well, it is necessary to conduct experimental bench studies, taking into account well conditions. To accomplish this task, a stand was created that allows you to: determine the amount of fluid passing through with sand; the volume and granulometric state of the sands that pass through the filters when filtering the mixed liquid; state and change in the structure of rocks in the bottomhole zone of the well; dependence of the distance between the filter elements and the production casing on the performance of the sand filter. The main component of the stand is a combined-shaped filtration tray imitating a circular reservoir model. Based on the results of experimental studies, optimal designs of anti-sand filters are proposed. To select, it is necessary to take into account the hydraulic parameters of its operation, which can be determined based on the bench tests of two types of filter elements: block and frame-rod with wire winding, both in open hole and cased hole conditions, as the most promising in terms of application.

Keywords: filtration; liquid; bottomhole; zone; well; anti-sand filter.

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The article summarizes the experience of two groups of deposits in terrigenous reservoirs of Western Siberia flooding. It is shown that in the presence of various kinds of uncertainties, the problems of deposits flooding efficiency increasing can be successfully solved based on a limited amount of information and indirect data. Algorithms are proposed for predicting the maximum values of cross-correlation functions, reducing the degree of uncertainty in flooding success assessing, predicting the maximum optimal monthly fluid production of wells during the deposits development in the natural regime, as well as wells surrounding injection wells to justify the selective and focal flooding organization, transferring idle wells to the producing-well stock, transferring wells from other horizons. The facilities to which the obtained results, algorithms, models and conclusions can be extended with minimal risks are proposed.

Keywords: indirect information; flooding; geophysical data; reservoir properties; development efficiency; deposits of Western Siberia.

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Modern industrial reservoir flow simulators are integrated software products consisting of several packages. Modeling of gas injection with various compositions, or hydrocarbon recovery from gas-condensate and oil-gas-condensate reservoirs, or thermal recovery methods requires a detailed account for composition of the fluid system. In these cases, compositional (multi-component) flow simulation is used to calculate component distribution between the coexisting phases, the number and the fractions of the phases, together with the flow equations for fluid components.. For this purpose, the flow simulator solves the thermodynamic subproblem using basic methods and algorithms analogous to the fluid modeling (PVT modeling) packages. The paper describes the main principles and specific features of implementation of the compositional modeling algorithms in several modern reservoir flow simulators.

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The authors of the article, in order to widely use the successful experience of applying technologies for the further «mature» oil fields of the Volga-Ural oil and gas province (VUOGP) development and reducing the risks of making low-efficiency decisions, propose to combine fields into groups based on the use of factor analysis. The results of formation groups associated with various stratigraphic elements within the Tuymazinsky and Bavlinskoye oil fields identification are presented. The cross-use of technologies that have shown their effectiveness in the residual reserves’ development is proposed. The features of the geological-physical and physical and chemical properties of the layers and the saturating them fluids within the facility groups for successful technologies replication at the VUOGP deposits are highlighted.

Keywords: carbonate and terrigenous deposits; residual oil reserves; geological and physical; factor analysis; analogy method; risk reduction.

References

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The dynamics of the movement of the hydrate formation inhibitors (methanol and monoethylene glycol) in an extensional hilly terrain field pipeline transporting a multiphase fluid is studied. The concentration distribution of inhibitors along the pipeline length is obtained by means of the hydrodynamic modeling using OLGA software for a wide range of the gas flow rates. The influence of liquid accumulation on the time of the pipeline filling by an inhibitor is analyzed. It is shown that the time of the inhibitor propagation through the pipeline is governed by the average velocity of the aqueous phase. It is demonstrated that the time of the pipeline filling by methanol can be significantly less than that by monoethylene glycol. It is shown that after the required equilibrium concentration of the inhibitor is reached along the entire length of the pipeline, the pressure drop in the liquid accumulation mode is less when methanol is used. The results obtained can be used to optimize the methods of the inhibition of extensional hilly terrain field pipelines.

Keywords: hilly terrain pipeline; hydrodynamic modeling; multiphase flow; liquid accumulation; hydrate inhibitor.

References

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A brief analysis of methods for calculating the stress-strain state of a pipeline laid in permafrost conditions is given. The analysis of models of interaction of the pipeline with the soil during longitudinal and transverse displacements is given. The tasks of the interaction of the pipeline with the soil are set to determine the place of formation of plastic zones during thawing of the pipeline section. A problem with a symmetrical formulation and a problem in which a semi-infinite pipeline is determined are considered. The places of the highest values of the stress-strain state of a pipeline with a diameter of 1020 mm when two soil massifs moved relative to each other due to soil thawing were determined. The results are shown as a change in the dependence of longitudinal stresses on the amount of displacement. The distribution of stresses in the dangerous section of the pipeline is shown, the most dangerous sections are determined. The process of formation of a zone with plastic deformation of the pipeline wall metal is shown. The main mechanical characteristics of the soil that affect the stress-strain state of the pipeline are determined, an analysis is made of the influence of the mechanical characteristics of the soil on the maximum equivalent stress of the pipeline.

Keywords: permafrost; pipeline; soil; mechanical properties; numerical methods; strain; stress.

References

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Experimental measurements were conducted to determine the effect of mixing chamber length on liquid-gas ejector performance. The tests were performed on a laboratory bench designed for physically modeling the process of creating a water-gas mixture using exhaust gases. For the first time in this study, liquid-gas ejector parameters were measured during the injection of exhaust gases from a real source. The study investigated how the ratios of displacement chamber diameters, chamber length, and working nozzle affect the liquid-gas ejector's characteristics under various operating modes. The results obtained enable optimal parameter selection of the ejector and reveal the potential for utilizing exhaust gases to produce a water-gas mixture for injection into reservoirs to enhance oil recovery.

Keywords: pump-ejector system; exhaust gases; liquid-gas ejector; water-gas impact; pressure-energy characteristics of the ejector.

References

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In the article, Ni-bentonite catalyst was synthesized by exchange method. Natural bentonite mineral and synthesized catalyst were studied by XRD, XRF, TGA/TDA, TEM, EDX-mapping (map), nitrogen adsorption-desorption at 196 °C, H2-TPD and NH3-TPD analysis methods. A new processing technology was introduced at the «Hydrocracking of heavy oil residues» (SPR-1) facility with the participation of fuel oil bentonite and Ni-bentonite catalysts. The catalytic efficiency of dispersed nickel catalyst in the hydrocracking process of fuel oil under optimal conditions (430 °C, 4.0 MPa) was studied. The results of the experiments are 47% from catalyst-free hydrocracking of fuel oil; 54.7% with bentonite addition; The yield of light colored petroleum products showed a corresponding increase to 67.1% when Ni-bentonite was used.

Keywords: fuel oil; hydrocracking; bentonite; gasoline fraction; diesel fraction.

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Liquid-phase aerobic oxidation of petroleum hydrocarbons catalyzed by carbon nanoparticles is focused on the real practical implementation over the rational processing of multicomponent petroleum feedstock. The use of metal-containing carbon nanostructures as catalysts allows known oxidation processes to be considered in the most modern strapping and simultaneously raises related questions about kinetics and mechanism of the process. This paper describes the formal kinetic regularities of the liquid-phase aerobic oxidation of the diesel fuel paraffin-naphthenic fraction in the presence of iron-containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes Fe@MWCNT. The purpose of the work is to determine the activity of the catalyst and the mechanism of its action. The reaction was carried out at 80°C, at which thermal decomposition of hydroperoxides is known to be almost non-existent and the reaction does not initiate. The induction period, the profile of the kinetic curves, and the oxygen uptake rate were taken as criteria for catalyst activity. As a result, it was shown that Fe@MWCNT additives have a significant ability to increase the rate of aerobic oxidation of diesel fractions. A general scheme of catalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons of the petroleum fraction in which the catalyst on a nanocarbon carrier reduces the dissociation energy of the C-H bond and activates the decomposition of hydroperoxides into active reactive particles has been proposed.

Keywords: metal-containing carbon nanotubes; petroleum hydrocarbons; diesel fuel; paraffin-naphthenic fraction; oxidation induction period; catalytic hydroperoxide decomposition; oxygen uptake rate.

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