The region’s oil fields are located within the South Caspian oil and gas basin, on the territory of the Absheron Peninsula and the adjacent waters of the Caspian Sea. Here are more than 80 oil and gas fields. To this end, this article presents the geological structure of the South Caspian Depression, as well as the Absheron-Balkhan zone. The analysis of oil and gas content and modern seismicity of the Caspian Sea is carried out. Increasing recoverable oil reserves, reducing water cut, increasing or even stabilizing production at this stage is the number one task for the oil industry. It has been established that in recent years, the level of seismic activity of individual sections of the Caspian water area has increased, and the amount of seismic energy released in the Central Caspian has increased by several dozen times, it can be assumed that the change in oil production in many offshore fields in the northern part of the Absheron-Balkhan fold system is associated with strong (ml>3.0) earthquakes characterized by fault-shear type of movements.

Keywords: Caspian sea; oil and gas deposits; earthquake source mechanisms.

References

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In the work, a dependence was obtained, analyzing which it is easy to see that the dimensionless parameter of sticking hazard depends very significantly on the permeability of the reservoir and increases in proportion to the increase in pressure drop, which is fully confirmed by the results of numerous experimental studies of sticking under the action of pressure drop. At the same time, one of the main, but previously not taken into account, factors that contribute to the occurrence of sticking in drilling wells is the viscosity of the formation fluid, as it decreases, the dimensionless sticking hazard parameter (i.e., the possible sticking force) in the interval of occurrence of a given permeable formation increases sharply. Indeed, the experience of drilling operations in various regions indicates that when drilling wells in gas fields, the frequency and severity of sticking is much higher than when drilling wells in oil fields, this requires special consideration in the process of drilling wells in gas fields.

Keywords: sticking; drilling and casing strings; differential pressure; filter cake; viscosity; formation fluid.

References

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A method has been developed for isolating water inflow into a well based on the injection of a thermoactive mixture of solutions of a gel-forming initiator and a gelling agent. The method allows to control the isolation process by regulating the gel-forming time by means of temperature and delivering the mixture to a given formation depth. To ensure mixing of the components of the composition in full and to prevent the formation of sediment, before injection, a solution of a gelling agent is added into the solution of the gel-forming initiator. It is possible to mix the components of the mixture directly in the wellbore by successively pumping solutions of the gel-forming initiator and the gelling agent. The results of oil sweeping experiments showed that the developed technology for isolating water inflow based on the use of a thermoactive gel-forming mixture significantly exceeds the known compositions in terms of technological efficiency. After applying the proposed technology, zones with increased oil saturation are involved in the development, there is also a decrease in the volume of produced water, and the profitability of production increases.

Keywords: water inflow isolation; gelling agent; gel-forming initiator; thermoactivity; sweeping ratio; technological efficiency.

References

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Due to the increase in the volume of hard-to-recover oil reserves, in complex deposits, reservoirs with reduced filtration properties, fields in remote, without infrastructure, new tasks have appeared that need to be solved when developing these reserves so that it is cost-effective. It requires the use of new methods for selecting methods and systems of development with the simultaneous introduction of new methods for intensifying production and increasing oil recovery. The article investigates a method for improving the efficiency of the development system of a layered and heterogeneous productive formation of the «ryabchik» type by controlling the parameters of the well grid and well completion. The analyzed method of optimization of development will increase the efficiency of extraction of hard-to-recover oil reserves and increase the degree of their production. Proposals have been made to increase the efficiency of the development of a formation of the «ryabchik» type.

Keywords: horizontal well; trunk orientation; optimization of the well grid; development efficiency; multilayer formation.

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The article discusses predicting the critical parameters of production wells to assess the need to transfer them to well workover stage and put on the program of geological and technical measures (GTM). A methodology for substantiating and assessing the influence of critical values of reservoir parameters on the operation of production wells is presented. Three stages of transferring wells to workover are considered: geological, technological and analytical, and the procedure for assessing their effectiveness. The procedure for calculating the shut-in time of wells and gas losses during the transition of production wells to workover, determining the parameters of the technological regime after geological and technical measures are considered. A method has been developed for predicting the time of well shut-in due to flooding (self-killing) and assessing the timing of its operation with production flow rates at the final stage of field development. The results of the study of dependence of the critical height of the liquid column on the bottomhole pressure and the average daily flow rate of the Cenomanian well, the scheme for revealing the dependence of gas water contact level on the reservoir pressure and the volume of the sampled gas are presented. The procedure for calculating the technical and geological-production state of wells is considered according to the diagnostic rating assessment.

Keywords: field; gas well; prediction; critical parameter; cenomanian; flooding; flow rate; pressure.

References

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At the present stage of the development of the oil industry, mathematical modeling is widely used in the design and analysis of development during the entire cycle of field operation. The most laborious and difficult stage in the creation of geological and hydrodynamic models is their identification to the actual development data and resolution of uncertainties associated with the analysis of geological and physical parameters. Parametric identification is the most important procedure in the modeling process, because the degree of reliability of predictive indicators of object development depends on the quality of the results obtained at this stage. The paper presents the main methods and results of adapting the hydrodynamic model in the history of oil field development in order to use the model to calculate forecast options. When creating a geological and hydrodynamic simulation model for the selected block of the Kenkiyak deposit of Kazakhstan, geological and field data and research data on the determination of thermobaric parameters of fluids and rocks were used. To solve this problem, the Masket-Meres model of isothermal unsteady spatial filtration of reservoir fluids was adopted. The desired parameters are refined on the basis of gradient procedures using optimal control theory. The predictive problem of the feasibility of using horizontal wells to increase the oil recovery coefficient of the specified sector of the field has been solved.

Keywords: adaptation; predictive task; oil recovery; oil reservoir; phase permeability; hydrodynamic model.

References

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The possibility and expediency of using reservoir and oilfield wastewater in areas of depleted and exhausted deposits in oil production for the preparation of liquids used for well killing, cement slurry mixing; table salt suitable as a food product producing. Based on laboratory studies, it has been found out that from one ton of water, on average, 180–210 kg of well killing fluid and 140–150 kg of common salt can be obtained, and dilution of heavy brine with fresh technical water can significantly increase the cement stone strength when fixing wells. The carried out simulation tests indicate that there is no deterioration in the reservoir properties of productive formations when they come into contact with heavy brines and the possibility of using such brines as a well killing fluid. A method has been developed for well-killing fluid and sodium chloride obtaining from oil field formation waters, including the initial formation water of calcium chloride type purification from mechanical impurities, oil residues, bringing its density to the concentration of calcium chloride, at which sodium chloride precipitates.

Keywords: reservoir water; well killing fluid; table salt; cement stone strength; sodium chloride salting.

References

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The article proves that the solution of the material balance equation in conditions of a limited amount of information about small oil deposits must be carried out using the genetic optimization method. The use of the proposed algorithm management decisions risks reducing the in drilling and oil production in conditions of insignificant oil reserves allows to reduce the cost of production, which makes it possible to increase the pace of hard-to-recover reserves bringing into development and the degree of their development.

Keywords: oil field development; oil reserves; well drilling; material balance method; genetic algorithm.

References

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a system that simulates the thinking process. AI involves a simple structural approach to the development of complex decision-making systems, allowing the user to set and solve problems of varying degrees of complexity. Today, AI technologies are increasingly being used in many areas of human activity, and the oil and gas industry is no exception. Application of AI in oil and gas industry is rapidly developing and gradually being introduced in various areas such as: smart drilling, smart pipeline, smart refinery, etc. Based on AI, it is possible to create an ecosystem in which coordination and cooperation of all levels, sectors and areas can be implemented to extend the life cycle of the oil field, improve efficiency and quality of decision-making, reduce costs and increase economic benefits.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; neural network; enhanced oil recovery; production forecast; support vector machines; genetic algorithm.

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This paper presents the results of biomarker analysis of 183 oil samples derived from 19 oil and gas fields and Rock-Eval pyrolysis performed on 93 core samples from 12 fields in the South Mangyshlak basin. According to the biomarkers, oils of studied fields were formed from shaly OM and can be divided into 3 groups: the first group includes Oymasha, Ashiagar, Atambay-Sartobe, Alatyube, Karagie North and Akkar North, which have OM of marine origin, while the second group includes oils from the Pridorozhnoye, Airantakyr, Burmasha and Bekturly fields, which have OM of lacustrine origin. The third group includes oils from rest fields, within each of which there are at least two sources: the oils of the lower pay zones have shaly OM of marine origin, and the OM of the oils of the upper horizons was formed in the lacustrine environment. Rock-Eval pyrolysis revealed that some fields can be considered synclinal.

Keywords: chromatography; biomarkers; steranes; hopanes; Rock-Eval pyrolysis; South-Mangyshlak.

References

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27. Seitkhaziyev, Y. Sh. (2019). Genetic classification of oil samples of carbonate origin from fields of the southern part of the Caspian Basin. SOCAR Proceedings, 3, 40-60.
28. Seitkhaziyev, Y. Sh. (2020). Comprehensive geochemical study of core and cutting samples from postsalt deposits of southern parts of precaspian basin and «oil-source rocks» correlation studies. SOCAR Proceedings, 2, 30-49.
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Based on the results of physical modeling of the effect of the applied jamming fluids on the filtration-capacitance properties of rock samples in a water-saturated porous medium, it is shown that the recovery coefficient of the core sample of the development object after filtering the jamming fluid of some core samples was less than 90%. Based on analytical calculations by the method of J.E. Oddo and M.B. Thomson's analysis of the mixing processes used in the process of silencing waters on the compatibility and degree of salt deposition revealed that when mixing reservoir water and water of the silencing fluid under reservoir conditions at T = 30 °C and P = 7 MРa, the precipitation of non-organic salts of calcite CaCO₃ with a sediment mass in the range of 0.39-0.77 g is predicted/l and CaSO4 anhydrite – 0.01-0.03 g/l. Experimental studies on the hydrodynamic modeling of the process of pumping silencing fluids based on potassium chloride and determining the degree of change in filtration characteristics have shown an increase in the coefficient of recovery of acceptance.

Keywords: silencing fluid; filtration experiment; modeling; permeability coefficient; calcite salt deposition; reservoir water compatibility.

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The paper analyzes the implemented system for the oil deposits of the Tournaisian tier of the Znamenskoye field development, as well as factors reducing its effectiveness, assessment of the features of the geological structure affecting oil production, and the development of proposals to improve the development system efficiency. It is noted that during the development of the field, the geological structure of the Tournaisian tier oil deposits has significantly changed because of the additional study of the development facility, the high efficiency of the use of horizontal wells has been confirmed. It shows an increase in the initial well flow rate and the specific accumulated oil production per meter of oil-saturated reservoir thickness, a decrease in the initial water content of well production, the growth rate of water content, a decrease in the accumulated oil-water factor for the first year of well operation, depending on the increase in the capacity of the bridge between the oil and water-saturated layers.

Keywords: oil reserves production; bridge; oil recovery factor; oil-water factor; well.

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The article is devoted to the search for ways to reduce the risks of water inflow during hydraulic fracturing and its more reliable design in order to increase technological efficiency. The methodology and approach to forecasting the parameters of hydraulic fracturing fractures based on the study of geomechanics of reservoir rocks are presented. Analytical, laboratory and field studies were carried out. The design adjustment was tested when planning hydraulic fracturing, the possibility of using such an algorithm of actions and its success were shown. Recommendations are given on the correct design of hydraulic fracturing and improving the quality of work, which reduces the risk of flooding of the productive reservoir.

Keywords: hydraulic fracturing; geomechanical properties of the formation; increase in production; reduction of waterflooding.

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The article is devoted to the study of supersonic movement of natural gas in a pipeline and the possibility of developing new technological processes for cooling, drying and separating liquid hydrocarbons. Technological processes and a set of equipment created using the supersonic movement of natural gas are studied, their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. It is known that a change in the process of gas injection into UGS facilities in a wide range of pressure during the season creates opportunities for more efficient use of compressor equipment. The thermobaric parameters of gas cooling due to supersonic motion in various designs have been calculated, and the existence of ample opportunities for creating new technological processes has been proved. Recommendations have been developed on the throughput capacity of gas installations to ensure the regulation of cooling systems created for underground gas storage facilities. It was noted that the cooling and gas separation systems created on the basis of thermobaric parameters and principles of regulation will be useful not only for underground gas storages, but also for other sub-sectors of the gas industry.

Keywords: natural gas; supersonic movement; laval nozzle; underground gas storage; gas cooling; separation; compressor.

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Article focuses on the improvement of the technologies used to improve the durability of friction pair components. The authors use the piston compressor to study cellular microrelief surfaces of cylindrical components. The cells are shaped as elliptic paraboloid with uneven positive parameters. The use of cellular microrelief surfaces is highly preferred as they reduce the attrition wear of the friction pairs through assuring the hydrodynamic load capacity of the lubrication layer with the shape of the microrelief. The research goals included the parametric analysis of the lubrication layer behavior in the gap between the microrelief cells. To do this, the authors developed an analytical model based on the theory of hydrodynamic lubrication and constructed a CFD model using the ANSYS Fluent software. To contain the transfer equations, the authors used the turbulence model SST k–ω. Both models showed that the maximum hydrodynamic load capacity coincided with the 75%-length of the major axis of the elliptic cell, which also corresponds to 0.128 mm in cell depth. The maximum lifting hydrodynamic pressure on one microrelief cell amounted to 3 kPa. Based on the results of the parametric analysis, the authors claim that the cellular microrelief can be efficiently used to assure the service properties of friction pairs in process units.

Keywords: friction pair; cylinder sleeve; piston ring; cellular microrelief; hydrodynamic model; mathematical model; ANSYS Fluent; two-dimensional parametric analysis.

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The article comprehensively considers the economic aspects of the process of transition of the global economy to the use of renewable energy sources. An assessment was made of the potential investment and physical needs of energy based on renewable sources, and a study was made of the potential of the global economy to meet these needs. An analysis was made of the previously implemented actions of the governments of the countries of the world and business in the direction of the formation of an energy sector based on the use of renewable energy sources. Obstacles to the transition of the global economy to renewable energy sources of an economic and resource nature have been identified. The analysis of the experience of the countries of the world in overcoming the relevant obstacles and the formation of conditions by states to reduce the barriers for the entry of a global investor into the energy sector based on renewable resources was carried out. The most significant results from the point of view of the formation of energy based on renewable sources were studied and an assessment was made of their use for the formation of energy based on renewable sources in other countries of the world. Considerable attention is paid to the experience of the EU as an interstate integration group, the most integrated in the process of formation of energy based on renewable sources. Based on the results of the analysis of innovative and investment aspects of the energy transition to renewable energy sources, energy development trends until 2050 were formulated and a system of recommendations was developed for the implementation of the energy transition in the countries of the world.

Keywords: energy; renewable energy sources; innovations; investments; state regulation; modernization.

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The paper describes the results of aerobic-peroxide catalytic oxidation of naphthalene in the presence of iron-containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes Fe@MWCNT. The active nanocarbon substrate containing α-iron atoms and carbides realizes by the Fenton reaction active formation of active particles and intensive oxidation of the hydrocarbon under rather mild conditions. It was found that at the temperature range 333 - 353K, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (30% aqueous solution) and Fe@MWCNT (Fe ≈3.7 wt. %), under intense air current, the reaction proceeds without destroying the cyclic structure of the molecule with predominant formation of phthalic anhydride and naphthol. Identification of the functional groups of the main target products was performed by the infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The results obtained can be proposed for further development of such studies and bringing them into compliance with the standards of the industrial process.

Keywords: aerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons; oxidation of naphthalene; hydrogen peroxide; multi-walled carbon nanotubes; nanocarbon catalysis; Fenton system, oxygencontaining aromatic compounds.

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