This article presents the results of a study examining the distribution of rare earth elements (REEs) in oil and groundwater in the South Caspian Basin. The region is unique due to its combination of thick sedimentary strata, active mud volcanism, and major oil and gas fields, resulting in distinct vertical hydrogeochemical zonation. Extracting REEs from groundwater represents a strategic opportunity for developing a new high-tech industry based on the existing oil and gas infrastructure. It is demonstrated that the REE composition in regional oil differs significantly from that in suspected source rocks and seawater, indicating the possible influence of deep processes on the formation of the trace element composition of oil. Potential sources of REEs in oil, including endogenous input from deep crustal zones, are discussed. The study results indicate a complex polygenic origin for the rare earth elements in oil of the South Caspian oil and gas basin. Along with biogenic elements inherited from the original organic matter, deep processes associated with mantle degassing and endogenous metal inputs play a significant role in shaping the trace element composition. It has been established that REEs form a regional deep fluid system genetically linked to petroleum complexes. The applicability of direct REE extraction technologies to the conditions of the Caspian shelf is substantiated.

Keywords: rare earth elements; microelements; oil; South Caspian Basin; geochemistry; metallogeny of naphthides; deep processes; lithium; groundwater; mud volcanoes.

Date submitted: 26.01.2026     Date accepted: 12.05.2026

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The Miocene succession of the South Caspian Basin represents an important interval for regional stratigraphic correlation and reconstruction of the basin’s geological history. This study presents the results of a comprehensive investigation of microfaunal assemblages recovered from offshore wells located in the Azerbaijani, Turkmen, and Kazakh sectors of the Caspian Sea. The analysed material contains a diverse assemblage of foraminifera and ostracods, including 95 species of foraminifera assigned to 39 genera and 40 species of ostracods belonging to 12 genera. The composition and distribution of these microfossils provide valuable information on the stratigraphy and paleoenvironmental evolution of the basin during the Miocene. Characteristic assemblages were identified within the Tarkhanian, Chokrakian, Karaganian, Konkian, Sarmatian, and Meotian deposits, allowing reliable differentiation and correlation of these stratigraphic units across numerous offshore structures. Variations in species diversity, abundance, and taxonomic composition reflect significant environmental changes throughout the Miocene. The microfauna record indicates fluctuations in salinity, water depth, and basin connectivity, documenting alternating phases of restricted and more open marine conditions. Ostracods demonstrate particularly high stratigraphic significance and serve as effective indicators for distinguishing Miocene horizons. The observed faunal changes reflect the combined influence of regional tectonic activity, sedimentary processes, and variations in connections between the Paratethys and neighbouring marine basins. These factors controlled the development of depositional environments and influenced the distribution of microfauna communities. The obtained results refine the Miocene stratigraphic framework of the South Caspian Basin and emphasise the importance of micropaleontological data for stratigraphic interpretation, paleoenvironmental reconstruction, and hydrocarbon exploration.

Keywords: South Caspian Basin; Miocene; ostracods; foraminifera; micropaleontology; Paratethys; stratigraphy; paleoecology.

Date submitted: 21.05.2026     Date accepted: 18.06.2026

References

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The research demonstrates that an explicit probabilistic approach can estimate the most probable porosity solution within the uncertainty range of porosity logging tools. By iteratively adjusting estimated volumes and fluid saturations to minimize the difference between theoretical and measured log responses, the approach provides a more robust interpretation than conventional deterministic methods. Although some resolution may be reduced in low-porosity or thin-bedded intervals, integrating multiple log responses and applying statistical minimization reduces sensitivity to individual parameter uncertainties, such as an incorrect saturation exponent. The results also provide a basis for evaluating logging-tool confidence and assessing the reliability of porosity and water-saturation estimates. The research further demonstrates that forward modeling can be used to simulate the effects of mineralogy, flushed-zone saturation (Sxo), invasion diameter, hydrocarbon correction magnitude, and end-member responses on nuclear logging measurements. This modeling approach supports quality assurance of log data and facilitates the evaluation of alternative lithological scenarios prior to detailed petrophysical analysis. The GCA-1 well in the Chirag field was selected as the key well for this study due to its comprehensive dataset, which includes full log suites, core analysis, pressure transient analysis, and repeat formation testing. The workflow involves conducting a robust log analysis on GCA-1, identifying the least common denominator (LCD) log set shared with other wells in the field and applying an LCD-based model across the broader well population. This ensures consistent and reliable petrophysical interpretation. A modified version of Wyllie-Rose empirical equation adequately predicts the core-measured permeability. The modified equation uses porosity and initial water saturation as regression parameters. The combination of initial water saturation techniques and Leverett J function could be useful after waterflood or aquifer encroachment. Finally, a new empirical method was developed to quantitatively predict the log-derived saturation profile using a non-Archie-based solution. This method minimizes the sum of squared differences between measured mercury capillary pressure data and theoretical values based on a proposed equation. It demonstrates excellent agreement with the porosity, saturation, and permeabilities derived from different approaches described in the article, highlighting the effectiveness of this integrated approach for comprehensive reservoir evaluation.

Keywords: water saturation; log analysis; capillary pressure; cementation and saturation exponents; NMOD; permeability; invasion; net mean stress.

Date submitted: 03.08.2026     Date accepted: 11.09.2026

References

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Despite the successful implementation of the cementing process of oil and gas wells, the quality of cementing is significantly influenced by internal processes that occur during the strength development of the cement slurry, such as contraction and shrinkage. If these phenomena are not properly controlled, they may lead to various consequences, including gas migration, intercolumn pressures, and the formation of gas channels (grifons). To ensure the required quality, expanding additives have been widely used in recent years for all types of cement slurries, including lightweight slurries. However, when expanding additives are added to the cement slurry, many of them do not provide the required expansion, and even if expansion is achieved, the resulting strength is relatively low, which does not meet the necessary requirements. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of an expanding additive on the technological properties of the cement slurry and the cement stone. The scientific novelty of the proposed work lies in the development and experimental validation of a lightweight cementing material synthesized predominantly from local mineral and/or industrial waste, which provides reduced density and improved rheological properties while maintaining the mechanical strength of the hardened cement stone. The obtained composition demonstrates compatibility with the expanding additive Wellfix +RD 50 in terms of key performance indicators (expansion, strength, and adhesion), which confirms its suitability for application in well cementing technologies. The investigations of the cement slurry were carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 26798.2-96 and GOST 1581-96, as well as using a special annular expansion mold according to the Schlumberger methodology. The developed formulation of the lightweight cement slurry containing locally produced microspheres and microsilica demonstrated effective compatibility with WellFix RD at a concentration of only 3%. An important aspect of the obtained result is that there is no need to add fiber to ensure the required strength of the cement stone, since the compressive strength of the cement stone increased by 6% without the use of CaCl₂. The expanding additive also demonstrated its effectiveness during the adhesion testing of the cement stone to the casing, increasing this parameter by 66.19% compared to the cement without additives. This formulation can be applied for cementing the upper section of the well, in particular the conductor or intermediate casing strings.

Keywords: oil well; cement slurry; lightweight cement slurry; microsilica; microsphere; expansive additive; adhesion; expansion.

Date submitted: 02.09.2025     Date accepted: 23.02.2026

References

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The article presents the results of comprehensive laboratory and field studies aimed at improving the quality of casing cementing in oil and gas wells drilled under conditions of abnormally low formation pressure (ALFP) and abnormally high formation pressure (AHFP). The main causes of cement sheath defects, including gas and water migration, interzonal fluid communication, sedimentation instability of cement slurries, and insufficient adhesion between the cement stone, casing, and formation rock, are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the development and evaluation of expanding cement systems based on Portland cement with controlled hydration kinetics, ensuring the formation of a durable and impermeable cement sheath under challenging geological and technical conditions. Laboratory experiments showed that the continuity of the cement sheath behind the casing increased from 55–60 to 80–85 %, while adhesive strength improved significantly and the risk of microchannel formation, which can lead to interzonal fluid migration, was reduced. The practical effectiveness of the proposed technological solutions was confirmed by acoustic cement bond logging data obtained from more than 100 production wells in the oil and gas fields of Western Kazakhstan. The findings indicate the high efficiency of the developed cementing systems and demonstrate their potential for application in the design and execution of cementing operations aimed at improving long-term well integrity, ensuring zonal isolation, and reducing the likelihood of operational complications throughout the well life cycle.

Keywords: well cementing; cement slurries; expanding cements; spacer fluids; polyacrylamide; abnormally low formation pressure (ALFP); abnormally high formation pressure (AHFP); cement stone adhesion; acoustic cement bond logging.

Date submitted: 07.04.2026     Date accepted: 22.06.2026

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The formation structures of oil resources vary significantly across different regions, causing severe difficulties in deep exploration. Consequently, conventional drilling tools suffer from poor rock-breaking efficiency and low penetration rates. To improve efficiency and reduce premature cutter wear, this study proposes an impact-scraping drilling tool in which the axial impact and rotary cutting functions of the bit are separated but coordinated. This specialized tool utilizes the rotational energy of positive displacement mud motors, converting it into mechanical impact energy via a cam-roller system and a compression spring. It delivers periodic axial impacts directly to the rock layer, while the external bit independently performs standard rotary cutting. The tool's theoretical kinematics and dynamics were modeled using the Lagrange multiplier method alongside an equivalent spring damping model. Motion characteristics were numerically simulated under input rotational speeds of 120, 150 and 180 rpm. Additionally, a simplified bench experiment validated the drill bit's rock-impacting state. The findings clearly demonstrate that as rotational speed increases, the roller's effective stroke decreases, while the impact frequency and maximum axial impact force increase. Notably, the maximum impact force reached 19479 N at 180 rpm. The experimental impact force and frequency showed good agreement with the simulation results, with amplitude consistency above 88%. These findings confirm that the proposed impact-scraping drilling tool can generate stable periodic axial impact, enhance rock-breaking efficiency, and potentially reduce bit cutter failure.

Keywords: impact-scraping; kinetic characteristic; impact parameter; vibration.

Date submitted: 23.12.2025     Date accepted: 28.04.2026

References

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This narrative review demonstrates the potential of integrating CO₂ mineralization with produced water treatment. The integration of these two fields by combining the dissolved inorganic carbon dioxide from CO₂ with divalent cations (calcium and magnesium) naturally present in oilfield brines to form stable, solid carbon dioxide minerals. Carbon dioxide precipitation is promoted by the dissolution of CO₂ in produced water (PW), and the adjustment of pH to levels between 8.5 and 10 promotes it. Field validations, such as those conducted at CarbFix, Wallula, and Nagaoka, were used to confirm the technical viability of the process, demonstrating rapid and stable mineralization with a low risk of leakage. A significant synergistic triple-benefit system established when treated produced water is utilized in CO₂-EOR operations increasing in incremental recovery factors (22.2%). This process facilitates permanent immobilization of CO₂, minimizes freshwater usage, and generates valuable byproducts. The integration of PW-CO₂ mineralization-EOR approach is a promising technology for simultaneously dealing with climate mitigation, water stewardship, and resource efficiency. Monitoring and diagnosing of CO₂ behavior can be achieved through 4D time – laps seismic, production well data analysis, well logging and chemical treatment. Recent technologies used to prevent CO₂ release to surface include Autonomous Inflow Control Devices (AICDs), Downhole Gas-Liquid Separation (DGLS) and Closed-Loop Surface Processing. Framework for carbon dioxide management which includes carbon dioxide prices analysis, 45Q TAX Credit as case study and policy recommendations discussed in this review. 

Keywords: CO₂; produced water; CCUS; mineralization; geo storage; in-situ; ex-situ; 45Q tax credit.

Date submitted: 05.12.2025     Date accepted: 21.04.2026

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The efficiency of hydrocarbon field development is primarily determined by the completeness of the information obtained about the “well–reservoir” system and the effectiveness of the applied technical and technological approaches, as well as by the degree of completeness and accuracy of the computational methods used in the design and analysis of the development process, taking this process into account. This is particularly important for the efficient development of deep-lying reservoirs. In this regard, the paper considers, for the case of a bounded, isotropic, and heterogeneous reservoir model with fluid and reservoir properties dependent on pressure, as well as an unsteady-state axisymmetric radial inflow model of a gas-condensate mixture toward the well, the problem of determining the development indicators of a deep-lying gas-condensate reservoir, taking into account the effect of the wellbore volume. As a result, based on a binary gas-condensate flow model, a numerical scheme was developed for simulating gas-condensate well performance in a nonlinearly elastically deformable deep-lying gas-condensate reservoir, taking into account the effect of wellbore storage. The calculation results and their analysis, based on the developed numerical scheme, demonstrate the necessity of taking into account the effect of wellbore storage when calculating the operational indicators of a well. The use of the developed numerical scheme in practical applications makes it possible to improve the efficiency of developing deep-lying gas-condensate reservoirs by carrying out preliminary computational procedures to select the most appropriate production parameters for their operation.

Keywords: deep-lying gas-condensate reservoir; development indicators; well performance; wellbore storage coefficient; numerical scheme.

Date submitted: 21.07.2026     Date accepted: 10.09.2026

References

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A new approach to the creation of a cost-effective thermoactive composition based on readily available raw materials, including a gelation initiator and gelator solution, intended for use in water insulation systems, is presented in this study. The residual resistance factor and recovery factor of oil were determined in core samples with different permeability coefficients using the prepared gel-forming composition. Optimum concentrations of the mixture components were found to be 10-12 % for the gelation initiator and 9-10 % for the gelator. Increasing the temperature from 20 to 60 °C was found to lead to a significant 5- to 6-fold reduction in gelation time. Above 60 °C, gelation occurred within one to two hours. The results of field and experimental studies conducted in the Kruk and Shurchi fields in Uzbekistan using a thermosensitive, gel-forming composition are presented. The residual resistance coefficient of the samples ranges from 4.8 to 23.6. Oil sweeping tests showed the high efficiency of the proposed new method of water shut-off using a thermoactive gelling agent. The results of COMSOL Multiphysics modeling of the water filtration process in a porous medium with gel, taking into account the kinetics of gel formation, are also presented.

Keywords: acid based gel; residual resistance factor; oil displacement; water shut-off; COMSOL Multiphysics.

Date submitted: 05.12.2025     Date accepted: 21.04.2026

References

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In this study, the fatigue mechanisms of sucker rod strings were thoroughly examined, leading to the development of an advanced tapered thread design aimed at improving the durability and performance of these essential components in the oil and gas industry. The focus was on analyzing the influence of design, material properties, and operational conditions on fatigue resistance. Detailed simulation results were obtained for the proposed tapered thread geometry, including von Mises stress distribution, fatigue indicator, strain, deformation, and displacement. The results identified the thread root and upper thread region as the critical zones governing the mechanical and fatigue response of the proposed geometry. Using a combination of precise modeling and advanced simulations, the findings demonstrate how the tapered thread geometry effectively distributes mechanical stresses, reducing the potential for crack initiation and propagation. The proposed tapered thread model exhibited greater durability, which is crucial for maintaining reliable valve operation under varying loads and challenging environments. The results demonstrated a favorable mechanical response under the applied loading conditions, highlighting its potential for improved fatigue performance in sucker rod threaded connections. These results provide a numerical basis for further optimization of sucker rod thread geometry and assessment of its fatigue performance under cyclic loading. Experimental validation, quantitative comparison with conventional thread profiles, and fatigue-life assessment using material-specific S–N data are proposed as necessary directions for future research. This research supports the ongoing optimization of sucker rod string technology for demanding operating environments. 

Keywords: sucker rod string; fatigue mechanisms; tapered thread design; stress distribution; fatigue resistance.

Date submitted: 06.07.2026     Date accepted: 16.09.2026

References

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