This article presents the results of a study examining the distribution of rare earth elements (REEs) in oil and groundwater in the South Caspian Basin. The region is unique due to its combination of thick sedimentary strata, active mud volcanism, and major oil and gas fields, resulting in distinct vertical hydrogeochemical zonation. Extracting REEs from groundwater represents a strategic opportunity for developing a new high-tech industry based on the existing oil and gas infrastructure. It is demonstrated that the REE composition in regional oil differs significantly from that in suspected source rocks and seawater, indicating the possible influence of deep processes on the formation of the trace element composition of oil. Potential sources of REEs in oil, including endogenous input from deep crustal zones, are discussed. The study results indicate a complex polygenic origin for the rare earth elements in oil of the South Caspian oil and gas basin. Along with biogenic elements inherited from the original organic matter, deep processes associated with mantle degassing and endogenous metal inputs play a significant role in shaping the trace element composition. It has been established that REEs form a regional deep fluid system genetically linked to petroleum complexes. The applicability of direct REE extraction technologies to the conditions of the Caspian shelf is substantiated.

Keywords: rare earth elements; microelements; oil; South Caspian Basin; geochemistry; metallogeny of naphthides; deep processes; lithium; groundwater; mud volcanoes.

Date submitted: 26.01.2026     Date accepted: 12.05.2026

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The Miocene succession of the South Caspian Basin represents an important interval for regional stratigraphic correlation and reconstruction of the basin’s geological history. This study presents the results of a comprehensive investigation of microfaunal assemblages recovered from offshore wells located in the Azerbaijani, Turkmen, and Kazakh sectors of the Caspian Sea. The analysed material contains a diverse assemblage of foraminifera and ostracods, including 95 species of foraminifera assigned to 39 genera and 40 species of ostracods belonging to 12 genera. The composition and distribution of these microfossils provide valuable information on the stratigraphy and paleoenvironmental evolution of the basin during the Miocene. Characteristic assemblages were identified within the Tarkhanian, Chokrakian, Karaganian, Konkian, Sarmatian, and Meotian deposits, allowing reliable differentiation and correlation of these stratigraphic units across numerous offshore structures. Variations in species diversity, abundance, and taxonomic composition reflect significant environmental changes throughout the Miocene. The microfauna record indicates fluctuations in salinity, water depth, and basin connectivity, documenting alternating phases of restricted and more open marine conditions. Ostracods demonstrate particularly high stratigraphic significance and serve as effective indicators for distinguishing Miocene horizons. The observed faunal changes reflect the combined influence of regional tectonic activity, sedimentary processes, and variations in connections between the Paratethys and neighbouring marine basins. These factors controlled the development of depositional environments and influenced the distribution of microfauna communities. The obtained results refine the Miocene stratigraphic framework of the South Caspian Basin and emphasise the importance of micropaleontological data for stratigraphic interpretation, paleoenvironmental reconstruction, and hydrocarbon exploration.

Keywords: South Caspian Basin; Miocene; ostracods; foraminifera; micropaleontology; Paratethys; stratigraphy; paleoecology.

Date submitted: 21.05.2026     Date accepted: 18.06.2026

References

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The research demonstrates that an explicit probabilistic approach can estimate the most probable porosity solution within the uncertainty range of porosity logging tools. By iteratively adjusting estimated volumes and fluid saturations to minimize the difference between theoretical and measured log responses, the approach provides a more robust interpretation than conventional deterministic methods. Although some resolution may be reduced in low-porosity or thin-bedded intervals, integrating multiple log responses and applying statistical minimization reduces sensitivity to individual parameter uncertainties, such as an incorrect saturation exponent. The results also provide a basis for evaluating logging-tool confidence and assessing the reliability of porosity and water-saturation estimates. The research further demonstrates that forward modeling can be used to simulate the effects of mineralogy, flushed-zone saturation (Sxo), invasion diameter, hydrocarbon correction magnitude, and end-member responses on nuclear logging measurements. This modeling approach supports quality assurance of log data and facilitates the evaluation of alternative lithological scenarios prior to detailed petrophysical analysis. The GCA-1 well in the Chirag field was selected as the key well for this study due to its comprehensive dataset, which includes full log suites, core analysis, pressure transient analysis, and repeat formation testing. The workflow involves conducting a robust log analysis on GCA-1, identifying the least common denominator (LCD) log set shared with other wells in the field and applying an LCD-based model across the broader well population. This ensures consistent and reliable petrophysical interpretation. A modified version of Wyllie-Rose empirical equation adequately predicts the core-measured permeability. The modified equation uses porosity and initial water saturation as regression parameters. The combination of initial water saturation techniques and Leverett J function could be useful after waterflood or aquifer encroachment. Finally, a new empirical method was developed to quantitatively predict the log-derived saturation profile using a non-Archie-based solution. This method minimizes the sum of squared differences between measured mercury capillary pressure data and theoretical values based on a proposed equation. It demonstrates excellent agreement with the porosity, saturation, and permeabilities derived from different approaches described in the article, highlighting the effectiveness of this integrated approach for comprehensive reservoir evaluation.

Keywords: water saturation; log analysis; capillary pressure; cementation and saturation exponents; NMOD; permeability; invasion; net mean stress.

Date submitted: 03.08.2026     Date accepted: 11.09.2026

References

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Despite the successful implementation of the cementing process of oil and gas wells, the quality of cementing is significantly influenced by internal processes that occur during the strength development of the cement slurry, such as contraction and shrinkage. If these phenomena are not properly controlled, they may lead to various consequences, including gas migration, intercolumn pressures, and the formation of gas channels (grifons). To ensure the required quality, expanding additives have been widely used in recent years for all types of cement slurries, including lightweight slurries. However, when expanding additives are added to the cement slurry, many of them do not provide the required expansion, and even if expansion is achieved, the resulting strength is relatively low, which does not meet the necessary requirements. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of an expanding additive on the technological properties of the cement slurry and the cement stone. The scientific novelty of the proposed work lies in the development and experimental validation of a lightweight cementing material synthesized predominantly from local mineral and/or industrial waste, which provides reduced density and improved rheological properties while maintaining the mechanical strength of the hardened cement stone. The obtained composition demonstrates compatibility with the expanding additive Wellfix +RD 50 in terms of key performance indicators (expansion, strength, and adhesion), which confirms its suitability for application in well cementing technologies. The investigations of the cement slurry were carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 26798.2-96 and GOST 1581-96, as well as using a special annular expansion mold according to the Schlumberger methodology. The developed formulation of the lightweight cement slurry containing locally produced microspheres and microsilica demonstrated effective compatibility with WellFix RD at a concentration of only 3%. An important aspect of the obtained result is that there is no need to add fiber to ensure the required strength of the cement stone, since the compressive strength of the cement stone increased by 6% without the use of CaCl₂. The expanding additive also demonstrated its effectiveness during the adhesion testing of the cement stone to the casing, increasing this parameter by 66.19% compared to the cement without additives. This formulation can be applied for cementing the upper section of the well, in particular the conductor or intermediate casing strings.

Keywords: oil well; cement slurry; lightweight cement slurry; microsilica; microsphere; expansive additive; adhesion; expansion.

Date submitted: 02.09.2025     Date accepted: 23.02.2026

References

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The article presents the results of comprehensive laboratory and field studies aimed at improving the quality of casing cementing in oil and gas wells drilled under conditions of abnormally low formation pressure (ALFP) and abnormally high formation pressure (AHFP). The main causes of cement sheath defects, including gas and water migration, interzonal fluid communication, sedimentation instability of cement slurries, and insufficient adhesion between the cement stone, casing, and formation rock, are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the development and evaluation of expanding cement systems based on Portland cement with controlled hydration kinetics, ensuring the formation of a durable and impermeable cement sheath under challenging geological and technical conditions. Laboratory experiments showed that the continuity of the cement sheath behind the casing increased from 55–60 to 80–85 %, while adhesive strength improved significantly and the risk of microchannel formation, which can lead to interzonal fluid migration, was reduced. The practical effectiveness of the proposed technological solutions was confirmed by acoustic cement bond logging data obtained from more than 100 production wells in the oil and gas fields of Western Kazakhstan. The findings indicate the high efficiency of the developed cementing systems and demonstrate their potential for application in the design and execution of cementing operations aimed at improving long-term well integrity, ensuring zonal isolation, and reducing the likelihood of operational complications throughout the well life cycle.

Keywords: well cementing; cement slurries; expanding cements; spacer fluids; polyacrylamide; abnormally low formation pressure (ALFP); abnormally high formation pressure (AHFP); cement stone adhesion; acoustic cement bond logging.

Date submitted: 07.04.2026     Date accepted: 22.06.2026

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The formation structures of oil resources vary significantly across different regions, causing severe difficulties in deep exploration. Consequently, conventional drilling tools suffer from poor rock-breaking efficiency and low penetration rates. To improve efficiency and reduce premature cutter wear, this study proposes an impact-scraping drilling tool in which the axial impact and rotary cutting functions of the bit are separated but coordinated. This specialized tool utilizes the rotational energy of positive displacement mud motors, converting it into mechanical impact energy via a cam-roller system and a compression spring. It delivers periodic axial impacts directly to the rock layer, while the external bit independently performs standard rotary cutting. The tool's theoretical kinematics and dynamics were modeled using the Lagrange multiplier method alongside an equivalent spring damping model. Motion characteristics were numerically simulated under input rotational speeds of 120, 150 and 180 rpm. Additionally, a simplified bench experiment validated the drill bit's rock-impacting state. The findings clearly demonstrate that as rotational speed increases, the roller's effective stroke decreases, while the impact frequency and maximum axial impact force increase. Notably, the maximum impact force reached 19479 N at 180 rpm. The experimental impact force and frequency showed good agreement with the simulation results, with amplitude consistency above 88%. These findings confirm that the proposed impact-scraping drilling tool can generate stable periodic axial impact, enhance rock-breaking efficiency, and potentially reduce bit cutter failure.

Keywords: impact-scraping; kinetic characteristic; impact parameter; vibration.

Date submitted: 23.12.2025     Date accepted: 28.04.2026

References

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This narrative review demonstrates the potential of integrating CO₂ mineralization with produced water treatment. The integration of these two fields by combining the dissolved inorganic carbon dioxide from CO₂ with divalent cations (calcium and magnesium) naturally present in oilfield brines to form stable, solid carbon dioxide minerals. Carbon dioxide precipitation is promoted by the dissolution of CO₂ in produced water (PW), and the adjustment of pH to levels between 8.5 and 10 promotes it. Field validations, such as those conducted at CarbFix, Wallula, and Nagaoka, were used to confirm the technical viability of the process, demonstrating rapid and stable mineralization with a low risk of leakage. A significant synergistic triple-benefit system established when treated produced water is utilized in CO₂-EOR operations increasing in incremental recovery factors (22.2%). This process facilitates permanent immobilization of CO₂, minimizes freshwater usage, and generates valuable byproducts. The integration of PW-CO₂ mineralization-EOR approach is a promising technology for simultaneously dealing with climate mitigation, water stewardship, and resource efficiency. Monitoring and diagnosing of CO₂ behavior can be achieved through 4D time – laps seismic, production well data analysis, well logging and chemical treatment. Recent technologies used to prevent CO₂ release to surface include Autonomous Inflow Control Devices (AICDs), Downhole Gas-Liquid Separation (DGLS) and Closed-Loop Surface Processing. Framework for carbon dioxide management which includes carbon dioxide prices analysis, 45Q TAX Credit as case study and policy recommendations discussed in this review. 

Keywords: CO₂; produced water; CCUS; mineralization; geo storage; in-situ; ex-situ; 45Q tax credit.

Date submitted: 05.12.2025     Date accepted: 21.04.2026

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The efficiency of hydrocarbon field development is primarily determined by the completeness of the information obtained about the “well–reservoir” system and the effectiveness of the applied technical and technological approaches, as well as by the degree of completeness and accuracy of the computational methods used in the design and analysis of the development process, taking this process into account. This is particularly important for the efficient development of deep-lying reservoirs. In this regard, the paper considers, for the case of a bounded, isotropic, and heterogeneous reservoir model with fluid and reservoir properties dependent on pressure, as well as an unsteady-state axisymmetric radial inflow model of a gas-condensate mixture toward the well, the problem of determining the development indicators of a deep-lying gas-condensate reservoir, taking into account the effect of the wellbore volume. As a result, based on a binary gas-condensate flow model, a numerical scheme was developed for simulating gas-condensate well performance in a nonlinearly elastically deformable deep-lying gas-condensate reservoir, taking into account the effect of wellbore storage. The calculation results and their analysis, based on the developed numerical scheme, demonstrate the necessity of taking into account the effect of wellbore storage when calculating the operational indicators of a well. The use of the developed numerical scheme in practical applications makes it possible to improve the efficiency of developing deep-lying gas-condensate reservoirs by carrying out preliminary computational procedures to select the most appropriate production parameters for their operation.

Keywords: deep-lying gas-condensate reservoir; development indicators; well performance; wellbore storage coefficient; numerical scheme.

Date submitted: 21.07.2026     Date accepted: 10.09.2026

References

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A new approach to the creation of a cost-effective thermoactive composition based on readily available raw materials, including a gelation initiator and gelator solution, intended for use in water insulation systems, is presented in this study. The residual resistance factor and recovery factor of oil were determined in core samples with different permeability coefficients using the prepared gel-forming composition. Optimum concentrations of the mixture components were found to be 10-12 % for the gelation initiator and 9-10 % for the gelator. Increasing the temperature from 20 to 60 °C was found to lead to a significant 5- to 6-fold reduction in gelation time. Above 60 °C, gelation occurred within one to two hours. The results of field and experimental studies conducted in the Kruk and Shurchi fields in Uzbekistan using a thermosensitive, gel-forming composition are presented. The residual resistance coefficient of the samples ranges from 4.8 to 23.6. Oil sweeping tests showed the high efficiency of the proposed new method of water shut-off using a thermoactive gelling agent. The results of COMSOL Multiphysics modeling of the water filtration process in a porous medium with gel, taking into account the kinetics of gel formation, are also presented.

Keywords: acid based gel; residual resistance factor; oil displacement; water shut-off; COMSOL Multiphysics.

Date submitted: 05.12.2025     Date accepted: 21.04.2026

References

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In this study, the fatigue mechanisms of sucker rod strings were thoroughly examined, leading to the development of an advanced tapered thread design aimed at improving the durability and performance of these essential components in the oil and gas industry. The focus was on analyzing the influence of design, material properties, and operational conditions on fatigue resistance. Detailed simulation results were obtained for the proposed tapered thread geometry, including von Mises stress distribution, fatigue indicator, strain, deformation, and displacement. The results identified the thread root and upper thread region as the critical zones governing the mechanical and fatigue response of the proposed geometry. Using a combination of precise modeling and advanced simulations, the findings demonstrate how the tapered thread geometry effectively distributes mechanical stresses, reducing the potential for crack initiation and propagation. The proposed tapered thread model exhibited greater durability, which is crucial for maintaining reliable valve operation under varying loads and challenging environments. The results demonstrated a favorable mechanical response under the applied loading conditions, highlighting its potential for improved fatigue performance in sucker rod threaded connections. These results provide a numerical basis for further optimization of sucker rod thread geometry and assessment of its fatigue performance under cyclic loading. Experimental validation, quantitative comparison with conventional thread profiles, and fatigue-life assessment using material-specific S–N data are proposed as necessary directions for future research. This research supports the ongoing optimization of sucker rod string technology for demanding operating environments. 

Keywords: sucker rod string; fatigue mechanisms; tapered thread design; stress distribution; fatigue resistance.

Date submitted: 06.07.2026     Date accepted: 16.09.2026

References

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Erosion frequently occurs in pipelines due to interactions between solid particles, the transported fluid, and the surrounding pipeline materials. This process can cause material deterioration within pipelines, potentially leading to pipeline failure and adverse impacts on public health, property, and the environment. Therefore, accurate prediction of pipe erosion rates is essential for ensuring safer, more cost-effective, and sustainable pipeline operations. This research presents a detailed investigation of pipe erosion, a common problem that presents significant safety and environmental hazards. The objective of this research is to develop a reliable erosion-rate prediction model to provide sustainable pipeline performance. The research uses a robust methodological framework in the form of both standalone and hybrid predictive models consisting of SVR and AdaBoost regression techniques. Data was collected systematically with respect to relevant parameters influencing erosion behavior; these parameters were also confirmed through rigorous validation testing. Through optimization algorithms such as AEO, GWO, and MFO, the model parameters were optimally determined in order to improve the predictive capability of the models. Detailed empirical analyses using advanced statistical tools illustrated the complexity of the relationships between input variables and their impact on the erosion rate. Comprehensive evaluation metrics underscored the supremacy of the SVR models, particularly SVR-MFO, in predicting erosion rates with unprecedented accuracy. Overall, the results presented in this paper provide pipeline engineers and stakeholders with valuable information regarding the optimization of models for predicting erosion to provide accurate, cost-effective, and safer operations of pipelines.

Keywords: erosion; machine learning (ML); support vector regression (SVR); AdaBoost; moth flame optimization (MFO); GWO; AEO.

Date submitted: 06.10.2025     Date accepted: 08.06.2026

References

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Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is one of the most widely used polymers, including oil and gas industry. At the same time, plasticizers play a key role in ensuring the flexibility, elasticity and processability of flexible PVC compositions for the manufacture of seals, hoses, cable insulation and protective coatings. This study evaluates the effect of symmetrical esters of azelaic and sebacic acids with ethoxylated butanol and phenol as alternative plasticizers on the processability of PVC compositions. It was found that dibutoxyethyl sebacate, dibutoxyethyl azelate, diphenoxyethyl sebacate and diphenoxyethyl azelate provide a higher melt flow index compared with industrial dioctyl phthalate at temperatures ≥165 °C, which indicates a decrease in melt viscosity and improved processability Dibutoxyethyl sebacate exhibited the highest effectiveness: at 175 °C, its value exceeded that of dioctyl phthalate by 58%. According to thermodynamic analysis, the activation energy of viscous flow is dominated by the enthalpy component, with its maximum observed at approximately 165 °C, due to a change in the molecular flow regime. These data indicate the prospects of the esters under study as highly efficient and environmentally friendly plasticizers for PVC used in the oil industry, enabling the manufacture of more durable and reliable materials.

Keywords: polyvinyl chloride; plasticizer; azelate; sebacate; rheology; melt; viscous flow; activation energy; entropy. 

Date submitted: 05.12.2025     Date accepted: 10.04.2026

References

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The present study investigates the optical activity of commercial crude oil from the Absheron oil field and its individual distillate fractions. The objective of the study was to establish the relationship between the boiling temperature of petroleum fractions, their hydrocarbon composition, and the magnitude of optical activity. Such information is of practical importance for understanding the chemical nature of crude oil, the distribution of chiral components, and the composition of high-boiling hydrocarbons. Initially, the crude oil was subjected to pretreatment to remove water and mechanical impurities. The purified sample was subsequently fractionated by the displacement method and distilled using a PETRODIST 600 S laboratory distillation unit (Fischer LaboTherm, Germany). Fractionation was carried out over the following boiling ranges: < 150 °C, 150–200 °C, 200–260 °C, 260–300 °C, 300–400 °C, 400–450 °C, 450–500 °C, and > 500 °C. The resulting narrow fractions were purified from aromatic hydrocarbons and resinous compounds in accordance with GOST 11244–85. Silica gel was used as the adsorbent, and dearomatization was performed by liquid adsorption chromatography using appropriate solvents. The principal physicochemical properties of the purified fractions were subsequently determined. The optical activity of the dearomatized petroleum fractions, including high-boiling fractions with boiling temperatures up to 500 °C, was investigated by polarimetric methods. The results demonstrated a progressive increase in optical rotation with increasing boiling temperature. This behavior indicates an increasing concentration of optically active compounds in the heavier hydrocarbon fractions of crude oil. The established relationship provides additional insight into the distribution of chiral petroleum components and may be useful for the characterization, classification, processing, and geochemical interpretation of crude oils. 

Keywords: optical activity; crude oil; Absheron oil field; optical rotation; chiral compounds; enantiomers.

Date submitted: 23.01.2026     Date accepted: 29.06.2026

References

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Currently, oil and gas companies play a key role in ensuring the economic growth of various countries around the world. In this regard, highly accurate forecasting of energy prices is of paramount importance for the leadership of various countries of the world and commodity producers. One of the modern methods of such forecasting is artificial intelligence, more precisely artificial neural networks. To date, quite a lot of research has been accumulated on predicting the prices of Brent and WTI crude oil using artificial intelligence. At the same time, there are practically no similar works for Urals crude oil. The purpose of this study is to predict the spot price of Urals crude oil using artificial intelligence. Unlike most well-known works, both types (trend and regression) of neuromodels are used simultaneously. Moreover, for trending neuromodels, a series of computational experiments are conducted first in NeuroSolutions, and subsequently in Google Colab (in the Python programming language), respectively, with artificial neural networks of classical (MLP, GFF, JEN and MNN) and new topologies (LSTM, WLSTM, GRU and CNN with the attention mechanism). Based on the results of these experiments, three ensembles of neuromodels of different topology and configuration were developed. They allow us to generate a short-term forecast of both the daily and monthly spot prices of Urals crude oil with a high degree of accuracy.

Keywords: spot price; Urals brand oil; artificial intelligence; regression neuromodels; trending neuromodels; ensemble of neuromodels; convolutional neural networks; recurrent neural networks; GRU; mechanism of attention. 

Date submitted: 24.12.2025     Date accepted: 04.05.2026

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Electricity consumption in the MSTP Jepara building still largely depends on grid electricity, which is predominantly generated from fossil fuels. To reduce this dependency, a hybrid solar–wind power system (PLTH) was designed and analyzed using HOMER software. The proposed system combines a solar photovoltaic (PV) array and a small-scale wind turbine to partially supply the building’s electricity demand. Simulation results show that the system operates for approximately 4,367 hours per year with a peak output of 19.8 kW. The solar PV system produces about 35,595 kWh annually, contributing around 9.49% of the total electricity demand, while the wind turbine generates approximately 2,275 kWh per year with a capacity factor of 26% and a penetration level of 0.61%. Overall, the hybrid system can supply approximately 10.097% of the building’s annual electricity consumption of 374,902 kWh. An economic evaluation indicates that the system is financially feasible, with a Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of IDR 1,648 per kWh, a Return on Investment (ROI) of 9%, and an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 13.1%. These results suggest that although the contribution of renewable energy remains limited, the proposed PLTH system has practical potential as an initial step toward reducing dependence on fossil fuels in institutional buildings. 

Keywords: hybrid power plant; renewable energy; technical analysis; economic analysis; HOMER.

Date submitted: 04.02.2026     Date accepted: 05.06.2026

References

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The optimization of groundwater monitoring networks is critical for contamination detection, yet traditional geostatistical methods become inapplicable when the number of existing boreholes is insufficient for reliable variogram modeling. This paper presents a hybrid methodology that integrates Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation, K-means clustering, and ordinary kriging to optimize monitoring networks in data-scarce environments. The proposed framework uses IDW to generate initial spatial estimates, K-means to reduce computational complexity, and kriging with an acceptance probability criterion to evaluate network performance. Applied to the Bandar Abbas Oil Refinery in Iran, where only 20 boreholes exist, the method discretizes the study area into 611 grid nodes and partitions them into 20 clusters. An exhaustive search over 15 cluster centers identifies the optimal network configuration, followed by a sequential greedy algorithm that prioritizes individual grid nodes for further augmentation. Results demonstrate that adding 13 strategically selected boreholes achieves nearly 100% coverage with acceptable accuracy (α = 0.9). Sensitivity analysis reveals that increasing the threshold to α = 0.95 requires 27 boreholes, illustrating the trade-off between accuracy and cost. The methodology provides a flexible, computationally feasible framework that generates a priority list for network expansion under budget constraints, offering a practical decision-support tool for environmental monitoring in industrial settings.

Keywords: groundwater monitoring; geostatistical optimization; ordinary kriging; K-means clustering; acceptance probability; sparse network design.

Date submitted: 25.06.2026     Date accepted: 27.08.2026

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This paper proposes a methodology for assessing the residual life of overhead cranes based on an integrated diagnostic approach that accounts for the combined effects of corrosion wear, fatigue crack propagation, and deformation of load-bearing elements. A system of coupled differential equations is formulated to describe the time-dependent evolution of damage. In this system, each variable represents a separate degradation mechanism, while the mutual interaction between the mechanisms is taken into account through coupling parameters. The study presents the integration of corrosion, crack, and deformation parameters into a unified methodology for predicting the residual life of overhead cranes. The effects of corrosion, crack development, and deflection in the bridge crane girder are investigated in the form of dimensionless parameters. The use of these parameters makes it possible to quantitatively compare the contribution of each degradation mechanism, identify the limiting factor, and predict residual life without direct dependence on absolute dimensions. This simplifies the analysis and facilitates the justification of measures aimed at extending service life. Numerical examples performed for double-girder overhead cranes show that, under moderate loading and low corrosion activity, the principal factor limiting residual life is fatigue crack propagation. Under severe operating conditions and in highly aggressive corrosive environments, a combined failure mechanism is formed. The proposed methodology can be applied to technical diagnostics, industrial safety assessment, and the development of measures for extending the service life of overhead cranes.

Keywords: diagnostics; residual life; overhead bridge crane; degradation; corrosion; crack; deformation; deflection; integrated approach; fatigue.

Date submitted: 22.06.2026     Date accepted: 10.09.2026

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20. Winkler, M., Dürr, A. (2024). Life extension of pre-damaged existing crane runway girders. Procedia Structural Integrity, 57, 510–517.
21. Imanov, A. S., Khalilov, I. A. (2022). 3D modeling and analysis of gas flow in the interblade channel. SOCAR Proceedings, SI1, 1–5.

A novel copper(II) complex, [Cu(H₂dppzda)(NO₃)₂] (1), was synthesized using N,N′-Di(pyridin-2-yl)pyrazine-2,6-diamine (H₂dppzda) as a ligand. Spectroscopic techniques and magnetic measurements were used to describe the complex, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was used to identify its structure. The X-ray analysis revealed the tridentate coordination mode of H₂dppzda to the copper(II) ion via its pyridine and pyrazine nitrogen atoms in the complex (1). Cu(II) is pentacoordinated with a distorted square pyramidal geometry and a monocoordinated nitrate anion positioned at the apex. The axially symmetric EPR spectrum of complex (1) shows the typical relationship g_‖>g_┴>g_e, which indicates a dx²−y² ground electronic state. This finding is supported by results from magnetic susceptibility and electronic spectrum studies, which collectively suggest a distorted square pyramidal arrangement around the central copper(II) ion. The antimicrobial potential of the synthesized ligand and its corresponding complex (1) was rigorously assessed against a panel of pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium phlei, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium chrysogenum. The bioassay results revealed significant microbicidal efficacy for both entities; notably, the Cu(II) complex displayed enhanced potency compared to the uncoordinated ligand, characterized by an inhibition zone of 26 mm at a concentration of 100 μg/mL against P. aeruginosa. Beyond their biological profiles, the intrinsic redox activity and sulfur affinity of these types of complexes position them as viable candidates for the sequestration of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) within reservoir environments and the prevention of oxidative instability in crude oil. 

Keywords: modulated oligo-α-aminopyridine ligand; copper complex; hydrogen bonds; supramolecular networks; antimicrobial activity.

Date submitted: 12.05.2026      Date accepted: 08.09.2026

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Pentylnorbornane, a bicyclic hydrocarbon combining the strained bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane framework with a linear C₅ alkyl substituent, was synthesized by Diels–Alder addition of cyclopentadiene (generated in situ by thermal cracking of dicyclopentadiene) to 1-heptene, followed by catalytic hydrogenation over a Ni/Cr₂O₃ catalyst. The structure of the target compound was confirmed by FT-IR and multinuclear (¹H, ¹³C) NMR spectroscopy, which also revealed a small residual fraction of unsaturated precursor consistent with the measured iodine value. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG/DTA) under nitrogen showed that pentylnorbornane remains thermally stable up to ≈83 °C and then undergoes a single dominant decomposition stage between 83.4 and 205.7 °C (maximum rate 13.15%/min at 144.4 °C), attributed to cleavage of strained C–C bonds and side-chain fragmentation. Density functional theory calculations (r2SCAN-3c/ORCA 6.1) gave a wide HOMO–LUMO gap (8.917 eV) and high chemical hardness (4.459 eV), indicating strong kinetic and electronic stability, and predicted a combustion enthalpy of −6546.53 kJ/mol and a gravimetric heat of combustion of 39.36 MJ/kg. When blended into TC-1 jet fuel (0.004 wt%) and hydrotreated diesel (0.05 wt%), pentylnorbornane improved density and viscosity and markedly enhanced thermo-oxidative stability (up to a 20-fold reduction in sediment) without compromising low-temperature properties, while remaining within GOST specification limits. These results identify pentylnorbornane as a promising energy-dense hydrocarbon component and multifunctional additive for aviation and diesel fuels.

Keywords: pentylnorbornane; Diels–Alder synthesis; catalytic hydrogenation; thermal stability; DFT calculations; combustion energetics; jet and diesel fuel additive.

Date submitted: 26.06.2026     Date accepted: 21.09.2026

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Two-phase flow in porous media is an important problem in petroleum engineering, hydrology, and geotechnics. This paper investigates the Muskat–Leverett model for simultaneous water and oil flow, incorporating dynamic capillary pressure to describe nonequilibrium effects during changes in saturation. A weak formulation is presented within an established mixed finite element framework. A fully implicit finite element scheme couples the phase mass balances with the dynamic capillary relation, solving the saturation and pressure equations simultaneously. The computational algorithm is implemented on the FEniCS (dolfin) platform, and the coupled nonlinear system is solved using Newton’s method at each time step. Numerical verification is performed using a benchmark problem with a known analytical solution. Computational experiments investigate saturation and pressure profiles, approximation errors under mesh refinement, and the influence of the relaxation parameter τ for values of 1, 0.1, and 0.01. The fully implicit computations reproduce the qualitative features of the analytical solution and demonstrate mesh convergence. Comparison with an IMPES implementation, in which pressure is treated implicitly and saturation explicitly, shows difficulties in accurately reproducing the nonequilibrium solution under the tested conditions. The study provides a computational implementation and comparative assessment of the model, with the comparison conclusions restricted to the algorithms and parameters considered. 

Keywords: Muskat-Leverett model for nonequilibrium filtration; nonlinear equation; mixed finite elements; dynamic capillary pressure.

Date submitted: 26.06.2026     Date accepted: 23.09.2026

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